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Your friend is making you guess how old her sister Kara is. What is the best way to get started?
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Researchers use the Strang Test to judge whether a child is securely or insecurely attached. The basis of the judgement is the child's behavior when the mother
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psychology ch. 9
psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Your friend is making you guess how old her sister Kara is. What is the best way to get started? | exprienced centration |
| Researchers use the Strang Test to judge whether a child is securely or insecurely attached. The basis of the judgement is the child's behavior when the mother | leaves the room and then reappears |
| Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages begins when the chlld starts to use language and explore the environment? | autonomy vs. self-doubt |
| Research on changes in memory performance during adulthood has shown that aging does not dimminish people's ability to | access their general knowledge stores |
| Researchers have demonstrated that infants have acquired some knowledge of th world even before they are born. One research result that supports this claim is that children | prefer their mothers voices to the voices of other women. |
| What are the consequence of marriage and parenthood for adults? | Martial satisfaction decreases after the birth of a first child. |
| Lauri and Stan both need to work ot support their family. They are somewhat cocerned about placing their children in daycare. What would you tell them. | Children in day care can benefit form a wider variety of social interactions. |
| When men and women are asked to reason about the same moral dilemmas | They give the same similar patterns of caring responses. |
| What conclusion did Janet Werker draw form her studies of the perception of Hindi sound contrasts with adults and infants from English-speaking and Hindi-speaking cultures? | English-speaking adults no longer perceive contrasts that would be perceived by their 8 mont-old children. |
| Although the average child can transfer objects form hand to hand at six months, Ismene is unable to do so until about eight monts. For this behavior, Ismens's ____ is less than her ____ | developmental age:chronological age |
| According to Erikson, when earlier crises are left unresolved, people are likely to end life with feelings of | despair |
| To Piaget, an infant's initail colleciont of schemes is know as | sensorimoter intelligence |
| Children often suffer negative consequences if their mothers used cocaine while they were pregnant. This finding suggests that | The environment has an impact even before the child is born |
| Each week, starting at age three months, each child in a group of 30 has been given a test of object permance. This sounds like___ research. | Longitudinal |
| According to Kohlberg, a person at the highest level of moral reasoning. | promote society's welfare |
| A result from Harry Harlow's experiments with monkeys who were raised with tery cloth and wire mothers | The monkey did not know how to be mothers themselves. |
| Reasearch with 10 month-old infants showed that they were more likely to smile when theri mothers were watching them. This suggests that the infants are already | using smiles to produce an effect on their mothers. |
| When a parent is centered on the child but makes too few demands to socialize the child, the parenting style is called | indulgent |
| A child finds it hard to acuquire the word coat when she already knows the word jacket. What process may be needed here? | accomadation |
| Darryl was abused as a child. Knowing this we can expect | past experiences can affect his future social development. |
| In the strange situation test,a securely attached child will___ when the parent leaves the room and ___ when the apretn returns. | show some distress; seek proximity, comfort, and contact. |
| When a person does not develp a coherent sense of self, this may result in a self-image that lacks a central, stable core. Being familiar with Erikson's stage of development, what stage is this? | adolenscence |
| Based on the information in your text, What seems to be the least importance among those who want day care to be truly effective? | The cost of day car must be reduced or even made free to parents who need it. |
| When psychologists try to understand how individuals' interactions with others and how their expectation shange acros the life span, they are primarily interested in | Social development |
| One implication of the sutdy that compared Indian participants and Westerners on moral issues is that | cultures determines what is moral and whatis immoral. |
| Whenever 2 year old Marine sees the butterfly-like pattern on her dress shoes, or moth, or the hair bows that resemble the shape of a butterfly, she proudly exclaims,"butterfly" Psychlogists refer to this process as | extention |
| A two year-old's speech is characterized as telegraphic because it is | short and simple, using mostly nouns and verbs. |
| Lex is an infant who lives inan orphanage where he receives little attention when he is hungry and thirsty, is rarely picked up and cuddled, and has no particular adult who is in charge of meeting his needs.Erikson would predict that Lex might develop | mistrust |
| A child says " My mom and dad expect me to get my homework done, but they usually help me and talk with me whenever I want" THis child is most likely being raised by ___ parents. | authoriative |
| Baby Jen actively searches for a toy that her mother has placed undert a blanket. Her behavior leads you to believe tha baby Jenny has some degree of ___ and that she is at least ___old | object permancence; 8 months |
| " Imagine that our brains are like blank tablets, on which experience can inscribe all its wisdom and knowledge " The person most likely to have made this statement is | John Locke |
| Ricky was born 5 years ago, although his language abilities are similar to what one would expect from a 3 year old. Developmental psychologists would say that Ricky's chronological age is ___ and his developmental age for language is ___ | 5;3 |
| Vigotsky's theory of cognitive development states that ___ is the most important influence on a child's development. | Social interactions |
| We can tell an infant's brain is wired for survial when somehting touches the newborn's cheek and they turn to seek it. Which type of reflex is working? | rooting |
| Research using an apparatus call the visual cliff was meant to test an infant's | depth perception |
| Harry Harlow's research with monkeys was intended to show the importance of ___ | contact comfort |
| animals follow and form attachments to first moving object | Imprinting |
| cognitive structures | schemes |
| commitment beyond one's self to future generation | Generativity |
| modyifying cognitive structures so that new information fits in | Accomadition |
| understanding physical properties do not change even though appearances may | conservation |
| capacity to commit to another person | intimacy |
| Sperm and egg combines to form a single cell | Zygote |
| age related physical and behavioral changes | Maturation |
| emotional relationship between child and caregiver | attachment |
| attainment of sexual maturity | Puberty |
| childs inability to focus on more than one perceptual factor | Centration |
| Learned sex related behviors and attitudes | Gender |
| systems of beliefs and values | Morality |
| start of menstral cycle | Monarche |
| inability to take another perspective | Egocentrism |
| centration | A though pattern common during the beginning the preoperational stage of cognitive developemt; characterized by the child's inability to take more than one perceptual factor into account at the same time. |
| child-directed speech | A special form of speech with an exaggerated and high -pitched intonation the adults use to speak to infants and young children. |
| cognitive development | The development of processes of knowing , including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving. |
| contact comfort | Comfort derived from an infant's physical contact with the mother or caregiver. |
| cross-sectional design | A research method in which groups of participants fo different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time. |
| developmental age | The chronological age at which most children show a particular level of physical or mental development. |
| developmetal psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with interaction between physical and psychological processes and with stages of growth from conception throughout the entire life span. |
| foundational theories | framworks for initial understanding fomulated by children to explain their experiences fo the world. |
| gender identity | One's sense of maleness or femaleness; usually includes awareness aned acceptance of one's biological sex. |
| gender roles | Sets of behaviors and attitudes associated by society as being male or female and expressed publicly by th individual. |
| internalization | According to Vygotsky, the process through which children absorb knowledge from social context. |
| language-making capacity | The innate guidelines or operating principles that children bring to the task of learning a language. |
| longitudinal design | A research design in which the same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years. |
| normative investigations | Research efforts designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage. |
| object permanence | The recognition that objects exist independently of an individual's action or awareness; an important cognitive acquisition of infancy. |
| overregularization | A grammatical error, usually appearing during early language development, in which rules of language are applied too widely, resulting in incorrect linguistic forms. |
| parenting practices | Specific parenting behaviors that arise in response to particular parental goals. |
| parenting style | The manner in which parents rear their children; an authoritative parenting style, which balances demandingness an responsiveness, is seen as the most effective. |
| physical development | The bodily changes, maturation, and growth that occur in an organism starting with conception and continuing across the life span. |
| phonemes | Minimal units of speech in any given language that make a meaningful difference in speech and production and reception; r and l are two distinct phonemes in English but variations of one in Japanese. |
| psychosocial stages | proposed by Erik Erickson, sus\ccessive developmental stages that focus on an individul's orientation toward the self and others; these stages incorportate both sexual and social aspects of a person's developmental and the social conflicts. |
| selective optimization with compensation | A strategy for successful aging in which one makes the most gains while minimizing the impact of losses that accompany normal aging. |
| selective social interaction theory | The view that suggests that, as people age, they become more selective in choosing social partners who satisfy their emotional needs. |
| sex differences | Biologically based characteristics that distinguish males from females. |
| social development | The ways in which individuals; social interactions and expectationsl change across the life span. |
| socialization | Thelifelong process whereby an individual's behavioral patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, andmotives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society. |
| temperament | A child's bilogically based level of emotional and behavioral response to environmental events. |
| wisdom | Expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life. |
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