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The Age of Reason

The English Civil War, Enlightenment, & Scientific Revolution

TermDefinition
Thomas Hobbes Believed that humans existed in a primitive and brutal state, for their own protection and self preservation, people eventually consented to the formation of a government that should be absolute in its power in order to create and preserve order.
John Locke Believed people are capable of governing themselves, in which they enjoy complete freedom. However, as a group of people grow they form governments only to protect their natural rights.
Montesquieu Thought the best way to end absolutism was to create a separation of powers within the government.
Jean- Jacques Rousseau Government is a contract freely entered into between rulers and the people.
Voltaire Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism: separation of church and state.
Leviathan Written by Thomas Hobbes
Two Treatises on Government Written by John Locke
In the Spirit of Laws Written by Montesquieu
The Social Contract Both sides must fulfill their obligations to one another
Nicolaus Copernicus Published the discovery that the sun was the center of the solar system, not Earth, and therefore, the Earth revolves around around the sun.
Johannes Kepler Published the idea that planetary motion is in the form of elliptical orbits around the sun.
Galileo Galilei Used telescope to confirm heliocentric theory, but was forced to recant his theory when faced with prosecution by the Court of Inquisition.
Sir Isaac Newton Formulated the laws of gravity, which helped to explain Kepler's theory of planetary motion as orbits depend on the gravitational force exerted by the mass of an object like the sun and a planet.
William Harvey Discovered blood circulates throughout the body in a closed system.
Johann Sebastian Bach Was a prominent Baroque composer.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Was a prominent Classical composer.
Eugène de la croix Was a painter who contributed to Romanticism.
Romanticism An artistic movement focused on the beauty of nature and exposing human emotion.
Miguel de Cervantes Helped to to develop a new form of literature, the novel, with his famous work Don Quixote.
Divine Right The idea that monarchs received their authority from God, and ruled their domination in "his" name.
Absolute Ruler Centralized power, creates the laws, serve as a judge jury, and executioner. Is able to grant lands people live in and taxed all that was on those lands. A lack of of a constitution which guaranteed civil and human rights or limited the monarch's power.
Louis XIV (the Sun King) France absolute monarch. Revoked the Edict of Nantes forcing all French to be Catholic. Instituted heavy taxes to finance the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of his power.
Peter I (the Great) Russian absolute monarch. Forced Russia to Westernize, and forced Russian nobles to shave their beards. Instituted heavy taxes to build a new capital in his name "St. Petersburg " and create a modern Western military.
Versailles Palace Louis XIV instituted heavy taxes to finance the palace as a symbol of his power.
English Civil War The Parliament revolts against King Charles I for his abuse of power. The forces of King Charles I (the Cavaliers), are defeated by the forces of Parliament (the Roundheads).
Roundheads The forces of the Parliament trying to take down the forces of King Charles I.
Cavaliers The forces of King Charles I trying to take down the forces of the Parliament.
King Charles I A monarch who abused his power which lead to a war with the Parliament. His forces (the Cavaliers), are defeated by the forces of the Parliament (the Roundheads). He is then executed by Oliver Cromwell.
King Charles II The Parliament invites him to retake the English throne after the dissatisfaction with Cromwell.
King James II King Charles II heir, unlike his father, he feels no obligation to Parliament and tries to rule as an absolute monarch under "divine right" once again as a Catholic monarch.
William & Mary The Parliament asks them to take the throne in James II's place. They sign the English Bill of Rights in 1689 creating a "constitutional" or "limited" monarchy.
Constitutional or Limited monarchy The Parliament has greater power than the monarch and the law is "common law" which is not based on social ranking or status, but by the court's rulings which are for 11 people.
Period of the "restoration of the Monarchy" Dissatisfaction with Cromwell's rule causes Parliament to invite King Charles II to retake the English throne. King Charles son, James II feels no obligation to Parliament and tries to rule as an absolute monarch under "divine rights" once again.
Oliver Cromwell He was the leader of the Roundheads who executed King Charles I and established the English Commonwealth. He imposed strict rule based on Purtitan religious standards.
The Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell established this, he imposes strict rules based on Purtitan religious standards. Swearing is illegal, no colorful clothing is allowed, and he bans Christmas, make-up, sports, and theater.
The Glorious Revolution Parliament invites James II's Protestant daughter Mary II & her husband William to take the throne in his place. Mary & William sign the English Bill of Rights.
The Enlightment Applied reason to understand the human society in the areas of law and government, believed human progress is possible through scientific knowledge, stimulated religious tolerance, and fueled democratic revolutions around the world.
The Scientific Revolution Emphasis on reason and systematic observation. Formulation of the scientific method. Expansion of scientific knowledge. Belief the world could be improved/ progress could be made through the application of scientific knowledge.
New Model Army By 1645, Parliament amassed a significant and well trained army, this army was lead by Oliver Cromwell.
English Bill of Rights Mary & William signed this in 1689 creating a "constitutional" or "limited monarchy.
Created by: jennjenn13x
 

 



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