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Biology semester 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cell cycle consists of a growth stage and a division stage. What is the growth portion of the cell cycle called? | Interphase |
| What are the division portions of the cell cycle called? | Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2 |
| Name the 3 parts of interphase AND briefly explain what happens in each? | G1 cell growth G2 organelles are madeS DNA replication |
| What is divided in mitosis? | Nucleus |
| What is divided in cytokinesis? | Cytoplasim |
| Name, in order, the phases of mitosis AND briefly tell what happens to the CHROMOSOMES in each? | Prophase: becomes visible double chromosomesMetaphase: line up in the middleAnaphase: They are seperatedTelophase: They become invisible and uncoiled |
| When cell division is complete, what are the two new cells called? | daughter cells |
| How many chromosomes do the new cells have in comparison to the original cell from which they divided? | The same amount of chromosomes as the origional |
| Where in the cell cycle do the daughter cells go after cytokinesis is complete? | Back to mitosis or meiosis |
| What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? | To not let the organisms die |
| What are cyclins? | A family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle |
| What is the definition of cancer? | When some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth and division and start to divide uncontrollably |
| What factors mutate genes resulting in cancer. | A mutation to the DNA |
| What is a zygote? | A fertilized egg |
| How does a zygote become a multicellular organism? | It divides into 2 cells then 4 cells then so on and so forth. |
| Why does every cell in your body to have identical DNA? | So the cells will not attack each other or kill each other |
| What is differentiation? | The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development. |
| What are specialized cells? | cells with a job |
| What is a stem cell? | A cell whose job has not been determined |
| What is the purpose of meiosis? | To make the cells a little different |
| Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells. | diploid is 1haploid is 1/2 |
| How many rounds of DNA replication and cell division occur during meiosis? | 2 |
| What is produced at the end of meiosis? (Include how many cells and whether they are diploid or haploid.) | 4 haploid cells |
| How many alleles do gametes have for each trait after meiosis? Why? | 1/2, they are haploid cells |
| How does non-disjunction cause chromosome number disorders? | Trisomy Monosomy |
| Define monosomy and trisomy. | Trisomy extra copy Monosomy not enough copies |
| Name some chromosome mutations? | Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation |
| Describe Deletion: | Involves the loss of all or part of chromosomes |
| Describe Duplication: | Involves the production of extra copies of parts of the chromosomes |
| Describe Inversion: | Reverse the direction of parts of a chromosomes |
| Describe Translocation: | When 1 part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome |
| Name principles associated with Mendel? | Principle of Dominance,Principle of Segregation, Principle of Independent Assortment |
| Explain Principle of Dominance: | Of the 2 alleles, 1 will be dominant over the other, (recessive) |
| Explain Principle of Segregation: | The 2 alleles that control a trait seperate during the formation of gametes |
| Explain Principle of Independent Assortment: | Alleles for different traits can seperate independently from each other during formation of gametes |
| How many alleles does an individual carry for a trait? | 2 |
| What is the relationship between the following terms: gene, trait, DNA | DNA makes up genes which make up traits |
| In humans, free earlobes (F) are dominant to attached earlobes (f). Write the genotype of:A person who is homozygous for free earlobes:gene, trait, DNA | FF |
| In humans, free earlobes (F) are dominant to attached earlobes (f). Write the genotype of:A pe**** | Ff ff |
| In flowers, red petals (R) is dominant and white petals (r) is recessive. Cross a heterozygous red rose with a white rose. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. | Rr Rr rr rr |
| Distinguish between the following modes of inheritance: incomplete dominance (describe the heterozygote),codominance (describe the heterozygote),polygenic inheritance (what it is and how you can tell by looking at a population graph): | When neither allele is completely dominant over anotherWhen both alleles are dominantThe inheritance pattern is controlled by 2 or more genes with 2 alleles, Range of variation |
| In flowers, red petals (R) is incompletely dominant to white (W). The heterozygote flower is pink (RW). Cross two pink flowers. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.? | 1RR: 2RW: 1WW1 red: 2 pink: 1 white |
| In chickens,the allele for black feathers (B)is co-dominant to the allele for white feathers(W).The heterozygote is checkered. Cross a black hen with a checkered rooster. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios? | 2BB: 2BW: 0 WW2 black: 2 checkered: 0 white |
| Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked trait. Cross female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a male that has hemophilia. Show your work in a Punnett square and record the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.? | 1X^HX^h: 1 X^hX^h: 1X^HY: 1X^hY1 female with:1 female without: 1 male with: 1 male without |
| Cross a parent who is heterozygous type A blood with a heterozygous type B parent. Show your work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring. | I^AI^BI^B iI^A iii |
| What type of gamete cells does a person who has a BbTt genotype produce? | BTbtBtbT |
| Which parent determines the sex of the child? Why? | Male, the have X and Y |
| Why do females have recessive sex-linked traits less often than males? | Males only have 1 X |
| Distinguish between autosomes and sex-chromosomes. | The 1st 22 chromosomesDetermine gender |
| What is the sex chromosome combination of a normal male? Describe how the sex chromosomes are inherited. (Which comes from each parent.) | Male XY |
| What is the sex chromosome combination of a normal female? Describe how the sex chromosomes are inherited. (Which comes from each parent.) | FemaleXX |
| Be sure you can analyze pedigrees. | DID IT! |
| What is evolution? | The process of which modern organisms have decended from ancient organisms |
| What are the two dating methods used to determine the age of a fossil? Describe each. | Radio activeRelative dating |
| How old is the earth? | 6 Billion years |
| When did life first appear on earth? | 3.5 Billion years ago |
| What were the first life forms? (Unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic) | Unicellular Prokaryotic |
| List the following in the order in which they appeared over earth’s history: eukaryotes, prokaryotes, multicellular organisms | Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Multicellular |
| What evolutionary event does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain? | How eukaryotic cells were made |
| List the evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis. | MitochondriaChloroplastSexual ReproductionMulticellular Organisms |
| What scientist incorrectly thought that evolution could be explained by the inheritance of acquired traits? | Thomas Malthus |
| What does the inheritance of acquired traits mean? | you inherit the upper handed traits |
| Briefly describe beliefs in society before Charles Darwin. | GOD CREATED EVERYTHING AT ONCE!!!! |
| Who developed the theory that evolution occurs by the process of natural selection? | Darwin |
| What is natural selection? | Single gene traits can lead to changes in allelic frequencies |
| List all four components of the natural selection theory. | Genetic variation exists in populationOrganisms produce more offspring than can surviveSurvival of the fittestCompetition |
| How do adaptations such as camouflage and mimicry develop? | For Adaption |
| How does the variation needed for natural selection arise? (There are three things.) | For the ecosystem |
| What is a gene pool? | genetics |
| How do you know if a population is evolving in terms of allelic frequencies? | Fossils |
| What is happening to allelic frequencies in a population that is in genetic equilibrium? | They are changing |
| List five factors that cause allelic frequencies to change in a population. | Genetic Isolation, Migration (gene flow), Mutation, Natural Selection, Artificial Selection |
| What part of Darwin’s natural selection theory couldn’t he explain? | On the Galapagos Islands |
| List the four major classes of evidences for evolution? | 1.the fossil record of change in earlier species 2.the chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms 3.the geographic distribution of related species 4.the recorded genetic changes in living organisms over many generations |
| Compare analogous structures, homologous structures, and vestigial structures. Give examples of each. | Owl, Human, Lizard, Wale |
| Which form of evidence for evolution allows scientists to determine the amount of time that has passed since two species diverged from a common ancestor? | Fossils |
| Describe (very briefly) how new species evolve. | Through Mistakes |
| Compare directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection. | they are all different selections |
| Explain the difference between convergent evolution, divergent evolution and adaptive radiation. | different ways that animals adapt |
| Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and give an example of each. | 1 is an organism the other isn't rock or grass |
| Describe the flow of matter and energy through an ecosystem. | The grass debre gets sun energy animals eat them and other organisms eat them |
| What is the main source of energy for all life? | The sun |
| Why are producers important to an ecosystem? | They make up the first tropic level |
| What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? | Web is with a bunchof pics. and arrows Chain words, and commas |
| Construct a food chain for the following organisms: insect, leaves, hawk, sparrow. | Leaves, insects, sparrow, Hawk1 2 3 4 |
| About how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next trophic level? | 10 percent |
| How are fossil fuels formed? | decomposers could not keep up with the rate that animals and plants were dying |
| How is the carbon in fossil fuels eventually returned to the atmosphere? | Burning them |
| What is causing global warming? (Specify which gas.) | CARBON! |
| List three factors that affect population growth? | immigration Birth rate and death rateemmigration |
| Compare exponential and logistic growth. | Exponential speeds up growthlogistical is where growth slows down |
| What is carrying capacity? | The largest number of individuals that a given enviroment can support indeninately |
| Differentiate between density-independent and density-dependent limiting factors. | Independent affects all populations in simillar waysDependent effects a population |
| Give an example of a density-independent limiting factor. | damming a river |
| What are the three density-dependent limiting factors? | CompetitionPredator prey relationshipsParasites and disease |
| Why are predator/prey relations important in an ecosystem? | It controls the number of species |
| What is an invasive species? | They reproduce rapidly cuz they lack parasites |
| What impact do invasive species have on the ecosystems they invade? | upset the stable ecosystem |
| What is ecological succession? | The series of predicable chages that occur in community over time |
| Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession in type of surface it occurs on: | bare rock non-exposed rock |
| Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession in amount of time required: | Years 1-2 days |
| Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession in pioneer species: | Lichen Birch |
| What is biodiversity? | The sum total of the genetically based variety of all the organisms in the biosphere |
| Why is biodiversity important? | It helps the universe and its organisms |
| What are some factors that contribute to species extinction? | diseasenot enough to eat |
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