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Medical Terminology
Week 2 - Directional Terms, Cells, Tissues, Glands, Body Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ventral | refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part |
| dorsal | refers to the back |
| cranial | toward the head |
| caudal | toward the tail |
| anterior | front of the body |
| posterior | rear of the body |
| rostral | refers to nose end of the head |
| cephalic | pertaining to the head |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| superior | uppermost, above or toward the head |
| inferior | lowermost, below or toward the tail |
| proximal | nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure |
| distal | farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure |
| superficial | near the surface (aka: external) |
| deep | away from the surface (aka: internal) |
| palmar | the caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally) |
| plantar | the caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally) |
| midsagittal plane (aka: median plane/midline) | the plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves |
| sagittal plane | the plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts |
| dorsal plane (frontal plane/coronal plane) | the plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts |
| transverse plane (aka: horizontal plane/cross-sectional plane) | the plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts; may also describe a perpendicular transection to the long axis of an appendage |
| -logy | the study of |
| anatomy | the study of body structure |
| physiology | the study of body function(s) |
| pathology | the study of the nature, causes and development of abnormal conditions |
| pathophysiology | the study of changes in function caused by disease |
| etiology | the study of disease |
| dental arcade | term used to describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth ("arcade" refers to a series of arches, which is how teeth are arranged in the oral cavity) |
| lingual surface | the tooth surface of the mandible (lower jaw) that faces the tongue |
| palatal surface | the tooth surface of the maxilla (upper jaw) that faces the tongue |
| buccal surface (aka: vestibular surface) | the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek (vestibule = space or cavity at an entrance) |
| occlusal surface | the aspect of the teeth that meet when chewing (occluding = stopping things from passing when clenched) |
| labial surface | the tooth surface facing the lips |
| contact surfaces | the aspects of the teeth that touch other teeth (divided into mesial and distal) |
| mesial contact surface | the surface closest to the midline of the dental arcade |
| distal contact surface | the surface furthest from the midline of the dental arcade |
| cavity | a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects organs |
| cranial cavity | the hollow space that contains the brain in the skull |
| spinal cavity | the hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column |
| thoracic/chest cavity | the hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm |
| abdominal cavity | the hollow space that contains the major organs of the digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity |
| peritoneal cavity | the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum |
| pelvic cavity | the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems organs bounded by the pelvic bones |
| abdomen | the portion of the body between the thorax and pelvis containing the abdominal cavity |
| thorax | the chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm |
| groin/inguinal area | the lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh |
| membranes | thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity or divide a space or an organ |
| peritoneum | the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities that also covers some organs in these cavities (can be further divided) |
| parietal peritoneum | the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| visceral peritoneum | the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| umbilicus (aka: navel) | the pit of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus |
| mesentery | the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity |
| retroperitoneal | means superficial to the peritoneum |
| recumbant | medical term for lying down |
| dorsal recumbancy | lying on the back |
| ventral / sternal recumbancy | lying on the belly |
| left lateral recumbancy | lying on the left side |
| right lateral recumbancy | lying on the right side |
| prone | lying n ventral or sternal recumbancy |
| supine | lying in dorsal recumbancy |
| adduction | movement toward the midline |
| abduction | movement away from the midline |
| flexion | closure of a joint angle / reduction of the angle between two bones |
| extension | straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones |
| hyperflexion | movement of the palmar or plantar joints are being flexed too far |
| hyperextension | dorsal movement of the joints beyond the reference angles |
| supination | the act of rotating a limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward |
| pronation | the act of rotating a limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward |
| rotation | circular movement around the axis |
| cyt(o) | cells: are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs |
| cytology | the student of cell origin, structure, function and pathology |
| protoplasm | the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus collectively |
| cell membrane (aka: plasma membrane) | the structure lining the cells that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
| cytoplasm | the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| nucleus | the structure in the cell that contains the nucleoplasm, chromosomes and the surrounding membrane |
| nucleoplasm | the material in the nucleus |
| chromosomes | the structures in the nucleus composed of DNA which transmits genetic information |
| genetic disorder | any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| congenital | something that is present at birth |
| anomoly | deviation from what is regarded "normal"; a defect |
| tissue (list types) | a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function (4 types of tissue - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous) |
| histology | the study of structure, composition and function of tissues |
| epithelial tissue / epithelium (list types) | type of tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements (there are two types of epithelial tissue) |
| endothelium | the cellular covering that forms the lining of internal organs, including blood vessels (endo=within) |
| mesothelium | the cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes, such as peritoneum |
| connective tissue | type of tissue that adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together (types: bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue [found in tendons/ligaments] loose connective tissue and blood) |
| adipose tissue | another form of connective tissue; fat |
| muscle tissuem (list types) | type of tissue that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax (3 types: skeletal, smooth and cardiac) |
| nervous tissue | type of tissue that contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impuses |
| -plasia | describes formation, development and growth of tissue and cell numbers |
| -trophy | means formation, development and increase in the size of tissue and cells |
| anaplasia | a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other |
| aplasia | a lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| dysplasia | an abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| hyperplasia | an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| hypoplasia | an incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| neoplasia | any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal and progressive |
| tumor | a distinct mass of tissue formed as a result of neoplasia |
| malignant | tending to spread or be life threatening |
| benign | not recurring |
| -oma | means tumor or neoplasm |
| atrophy | a decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell |
| dystrophy | a defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell |
| hypertrophy | an increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell |
| gland | groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body |
| exocrine glands | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ (ie. sweat glands, sebaceous glands, portion of pancreas that secretes digestive glands) |
| endocrine glands | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body; ductless (ie. thyroid gland, pituitary gland, portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin) |
| organ | a part of the body that performs a special function(s) |
| skeletal system (function) | 1. Support and shape 2. Protection 3. Hematopoiesis 4. Mineral storage |
| muscular system (function) | 1. Locomotion 2. Movement of bodily fluids 3. Body heat generation |
| cardiovascular system (function) | 1. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue 2. Transports cellular waste from body 3. Performs immune and endocrine function |
| lymphatic and immune systems (function) | 1. Provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissues 2. Protect the body from harmful substances |
| respiratory system (function) | 1. Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to cells 2. Removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body |
| digestive system (function) | 1. Digestion of ingested food 2. Absorption of digested food 3. Elimination of solid waste |
| urinary system (function) | 1. Filters blood to remove waste 2. Maintains electrolyte balance 3. Regulates fluid balance |
| nervous system and special senses (function) | 1. Coordinating mechanism 2. Reception of stimuli 3. Transmission of messages |
| integumentary system (function) | 1. Protection of body, temperature and water regulation |
| endrocrine system | 1. Integrates body functions, homeostasis and growth |
| reproductive system (function) | 1. Production of new life |
Created by:
mlmertens91
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