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psychology
Neurotransmitters
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an extensive network of specialized cells that caries information to and from all parts of the body | Nervous system |
| a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function and neurons, nerves and nervous tissue. | Neuroscience |
| branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior and learning | Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience. |
| the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system | Neuron |
| branchlike structure of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons. | Dendrites |
| the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell | soma |
| tubelike structure of neuron that carries the neural messages from the cell body to the axon terminals, for communication with other cells. | Axon |
| enlarged ends of axonal branches of the neuron, specialized for communication between cells. | Axon terminals |
| cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products, and dead neurons,influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the gener | glial cells |
| fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. | myelin |
| bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body | nerves |
| process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. | diffusion |
| the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. | resting potential |
| the release of the neural impulse, consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. | action potential |
| referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all | all-or- none |
| saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals | synaptic vesicles |
| chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell. | neurotransmitters |
| microscopic fluid-filled space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites or soma of the next cell. | synapse |
| three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glads, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters | receptor sites |
| Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of the other chemicals or neurotransmitters | antagonist |
| Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cells | agonist |
| which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells? | Axon |
| which one of the following is not a function of glial cells? | getting nutrients to the neurons |
| Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the | synapse |
| the venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n)_________by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine | agonist |
| which of the following is associated with pain releaf | endorphins |
| a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system | Afferent ( sensory) neuron |
| a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body | efferent (Motor) neuron |
| a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. Also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain | Inerneuron |
| the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma | Neuroplasticity |
| The formation of new neurons; Occurs primarily during prenatal development but many also occur at lesser levels in some brain areas during adulthood. | neurogenesis |
| special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear. | stem cells |
| the interaction between genes and environmental factors that influence gene activity, environmental factors include diet, life experiences and physical surroundings. | Epigenetic |
| all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body. | Somatic nervous system |
| division the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and glands | autonomic nervous system |
| nerves coming form the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons | sensory pathway |
| nerves coming form the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons. | motor pathway |
| part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal; fight or flight system | symphathetic |
| par of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to day functioning of the organs and glands; "eat drink and rest system" | parasympathetic division |
| glads that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstresm | endocrine glands |
| chemicals released into the blood stream by endocrine glands | hormones |
| if you touch a hot stove, you spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call | The reflex arc. |
| what is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage or even learning? | neuroplasticity |
| the neurons of the sensory pathway contain? | afferent neurons |
| yvone's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the fuctions of the ________ pathway to the ____nervous system | Sensory; Somatic |
| which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident? | sympathetic division |
| glads that secrete chemicals callded hormones directly into the bloodstream | endocrine glads |
| glad located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone secreting glads | pituitary glad |
| hormone released by the posterior pituitary glad that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors | oxytocin |
| endocrine glad located near the base of the cerebrum;secretes melatonin | pineal glad |
| endocrine glad found in the neck; regulates metabolism | thyroid glad |
| endocrine glad;controls levels of sugar in the blood | pancreas |
| sex glads; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction | gonads |
| the female gonads or sex glads | ovaries |
| the male gonads or sex glads | Testes |
| endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and procide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence | adrenal gland |
| the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities | Objective intospection |
| early perspective in psychology associated with Wilheml Wundt and Edward Tichener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind | structuralism |
| early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which allows people to adapt, live, work and play | Functionalism |
| early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures | Gestalt psychology |
| an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts, Freud's term for both theory of personality and the therapy based on it | psychoanalysis |
| the science of behavior that focuses on the observable behavior only | Behaviorism |
| in the definition of psychology, mental process means | Internal, convert process |
| which early psychologist was the first to try to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology? | |
| which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics? | Evolutionary |
| which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia? | Biospychological |
| wesly has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often get him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following perspectives explains wesly's behavior | Behavioral |
| which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were to studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting developing of self | pyschodynamic |
| which of the following professionals in psychology has a doctoral degree bit is is not in medicine | psychologist |
| if Dr. Swasey is like most psychologist, where does she probably work? | University/ College |
| the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain | sensation |
| the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neutral activity. | transduction |
| disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation | synthesia |
| the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time (whatever the difference between stimuli might be, it is always constant) Ex; how much more sugar would you need to add to taste a difference | difference threshold |
| the lowest level of stimulation that a persona can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present. | Absolute threshold |
| provides a method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions; used in perception research and other areas; An individual's correct "hits" and rejections are compared against their "misses" and "false alarms" | signal detection theory |
| tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information (ignoring or preventing conscious attention to stimuli that do not change ) Ex; air conditioner | Habituation |
| tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging ( Ex; getting used to your piercings) | sensory adaptation |
| ________ involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells | Sensation |
| The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present is called a.absolute threshold. b.just noticeable difference. c.sensation. d.sensory adaptation | absolute threshold |
| After being in class for a while, ____________ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the lights buzzing above you until someone says something about it. a.accommodation b.adaptation c.sublimation d.habituation | Habituation |
| You are drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter. After a while, the coffee doesn't taste as strong as it did when you first tasted it. What has happened? a.sensory adaptation b.subliminal perception c.habituation d.perceptual d | sensory adaptation |
| the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close | visual accommodation |
| the purity of the color people perceive | saturation |
| visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels or light ( helps us see in the dark) | rods |
| visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina,responsible for color vision and sharpness vision. | cones |
| area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light | blind spot |
| the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights | dark adaptation |
Created by:
Juliza