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Medical Terminology
Week 5 - Urinary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| urinary system | removes wastes from the body by constantly filtering blood |
| urea | the major waste product of protein metabolism; filtered by the kidney |
| homeostasis | a stable environment in which there is proper balance of water, electrolytes and acids in the body fluids and excess fluids are properly removed from the body |
| urin/o and ur/o | meaning urine or pertaining to urinary organs |
| urine | formed in the kidneys, flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder, is stored in the bladder, flows through the urethra to exit the body |
| retroperitoneally | location of kidneys behind the lining of the abdominal cavity or outside the peritoneal cavity; one kidney is one each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm |
| ren/o and nephr/o | means kidney |
| renal artery | route in which blood flows "into" the kidneys |
| renal vein | route in which blood flows "out" of the kidneys |
| blood pressure and filtration | filtration of waste products by the kidney depends on blood flow thus BP can affect the rate at which filtration takes place |
| cortex | the outer layer of the kidney |
| medulla | the inner layer of the kidney |
| nephron | the functional unit of the kidney; consists of the glomerus, Bowman's capsule, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loope of Henle, a distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct |
| function of nephron | forms urine by processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion |
| glomerulus | where filtration occurs; a cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule (glomerul/o means glomerulus); plural: glomeruli |
| proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and collecting tubule | where reabsorption occurs |
| distal convoluted tubule | where secretion occurs |
| renal pelvis | the area of the kidney where the nephrons collect before entering the ureters (pyel/o means renal pelvis) |
| calcyces | irregular cup-like spaces that collect urine from the kidney (renal pelvis collects the urine from calyces); singular: calyx |
| hilus | a concave depression located on each kidney; the point of attachment of the renal blood vessels, nerves and ureter; located on the medial surface of the kidney and gives the kidney its "bean" shape |
| ureters | a pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder (ureter/o means ureter) |
| trigone | location at which the ureters enter the urinary bladder; a triangular portion at the base of that organ where the three angles are marked by the two ureteral openings and one urethral opening |
| urinary bladder | a singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine (cyst/o means urinary bladder); very elastic, shape and size depends on how much urine it is holding; flow of urine from ureters into bladder serves as natural valve to control backflow |
| sphincters | controls the flow of urine out of the urinary bladder to the urethra; ring-like muscles close passageway |
| excretion/elimination/voiding | elimination of a substance (can be used in other body systems) |
| micturition | elimination of urine from the body; implies voluntary control of the sphincter muscles (learned) |
| erythropoietin | hormone produced by kidney that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow |
| anti-diuretic | hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that suppresses urine formation by reabsorbing more water (abbr: ADH) |
| aldosterone | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte balance via the reabsorption of sodium |
| urethra | a tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body (urethr/o means urethra); in males, urethra transports both urine and reproductive fluids |
| urethral meatus | external opening of the urethra (meat/o means opening) |
| uropoiesis | the process of urine production |
| turbid | cloudy, may be brown, white, etc; can be present normally for some species (ie. rabbits); color of urine can depend on diet or reproductive cycle |
| cystocentesis | surgical puncture of the urinary bladder, usually to collect urine |
| cystography | radiographic study of the urinary bladder after contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via urethral catheter; contrast material is water-soluble; can be single-contrast or double-contrast |
| cystogram | the radiographic film of the urinary bladder after contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via urethral catheter |
| retrograde | going backward and can be used to describe the path that contrast material takes; if the contrast material goes in reverse order of how urine normally flows int he body, it's referred to as retrograde |
| cystoscopy | visual examination of the urinary bladder using a fiberoptic instrument |
| cystoscope | the fiberoptic instrument used to access the interior of the urinary bladder |
| IV pyelogram | radiographic study of the kidney (esp. the renal pelvis) and ureters in which a dye is injected into a vein to define structures more clearly; can also help visualize urinary bladder more (abbr: IVP) |
| pneumocystography | radiographic study of the urinary bladder after air has been placed in the bladder via a urethral catheter |
| radiography | imaging of internal structures that is created by exposing specialized film to x-rays |
| scout film | a plain x-ray made without the use of contrast material |
| retrograde pyelogram | radiographic study of the kidney and ureters in which a contrast material is placed directly in the urinary bladder |
| urinalysis | examination of the urine components; can tell us about pH, WBCs, RBCs, protein, glucose, SG (measurement that reflects amount of wastes, minerals and solids in urine) and other factors (abbr: UA) |
| urinary catheterization | insertion of a tube through the urethra into the urinary bladder (usually to collect urine) |
| albuminuria | presence of the major blood protein in urine |
| anuria | complete suppression of urine production |
| bacteriuria | presence of bacteria in urine |
| crystalluria | urine with naturally produced angular solid of definitive form (crystals) |
| dysuria | difficult or painful urination |
| glucosuria / glycosuria | glucose (sugar) in urine |
| hematuria | blood in urine |
| ketonuria | presence of ketones in urine (ketones are produced during increased fat metabolism) |
| nocturia | excessive urination at night |
| oliguria | scanty or little urine |
| pollakiuria | frequent urination |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| proteinuria | presence of protein in urine |
| pyuria | pus in urine |
| stranguria | slow or painful urination |
| azotemia | presence of uria or other nitrogenous elements in the blood |
| calculus | abnormal mineral deposit; urine may contain crystals that remain in solution in urine; Stones, calculi and liths are formed when crystals precipitate and form solids |
| lith/o | means stone or calculus |
| casts | fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renal disease and other abnormalities |
| crystals | naturally produced angular solid of definitive form |
| crystalgia / cystogynia | urinary bladder pain |
| cystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| cystocele | displacement of the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall |
| epispadias | abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis |
| feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) | common disease of cats in which cystitis, urethritis and crystaluria are found; in male cats, urethral obstruction is commonly associated with this disease (emergency!) |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the kidney involving the glomeruli |
| hydronephrosis | dilation of the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction to urine flow |
| hydroureter | distention of the ureter with urine caused by any blockage |
| hypospadias | abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis |
| inappropriate urination | eliminating urine at the wrong time or in the wrong place |
| incontinence | inability to control excretory functions (ie. urinary incontinence) |
| interstitial cystitis | inflammation within the wall of the urinary bladder |
| -lithiasis | means presence of stones or calculi |
| nephrectasis | distension (enlargement) of the kidneys |
| nephritis | inflammation of the kidneys |
| nephrolith | kidney stone or renal calculus |
| nephromalacia | abnormal softening of the kidney |
| nephropathy | disease of the kidneys |
| nephosclerosis | abnormal hardening of the kidney |
| nephosis | abnormal condition of the kidney |
| prerenal and postrenal | before and after the kidney; used to describe pathologic conditions |
| prolapse | downward displacement of a body organ |
| nephrotosis | prolapsed kidney |
| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney |
| renal failure | inability of the kidneys to function; may be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (progressive) |
| acute renal failure (ARF) | sudden onset of the inability of the kidneys to function; may be caused by a nephrotoxin (a poison having destructive effects on the kidneys) |
| chronic renal failure (CRF) | longer onset of the inability of the kidneys to function |
| polyuria | elevated urine production |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst or drinking |
| diuresis | the elevated excretion of urine; may be produced by fluid therapy or drug therapy; animals with renal failure may undergo diuresis |
| diuretics | drugs that increase urine production |
| renal infarction | obstruction of blood flow to the kidney(s) |
| uremia | waste products in the blood; seen with many types of kidney disease |
| ureterectasis | distention of the ureter |
| ureterolith | stone in the urethra |
| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| urethrostenosis | stricture (abnormal band of tissue narrowing a passage) of the urethra |
| urinary retention | inability to completely empty the urinary bladder |
| urinary tract infection (UTI) | invasion of microorganism in the urianry system, which results in local cellular injury |
| urolith / cystolith | urinary bladder stone |
| cystectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| cystopexy | surgical fixation of the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall |
| cystoplasty | surgical repair of the urinary bladder |
| cystostomy | surgical creation of a new opening between the skin and urinary bladder |
| cystotomy | surgical incision into the urinary bladder |
| dialysis | procedure to remove blood waste products when the kidneys are no longer functioning |
| peritoneal dialysis | the removal of blood waste products by fluid exchange through the peritoneal cavity |
| hemodialysis | the removal of blood waste products by filtering blood through a machine |
| lithotripsy | destruction of stone using ultrasonic waves traveling through water |
| nephectomy | surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephropexy | surgical fixation of a kidney to the abdominal wall |
| ureterectomy | surgical removal of the ureter |
| ureteroplasty | surgical repair of the ureter |
| urethrostomy | surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin |
| perineal urethrostomy | surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and the scrotum |
| glomerulus | cluster of capillaries that filter blood |
| Bowman's capsule | cup-shaped structure that contains the glomerulus |
| proximal convoluted tubules | hollow tubes located between Bowman's capsule and loops of Henle that are involved in reabsorption |
| loop of Henle | U-shaped turn in the convoluted tubule of the kidney located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that is involved in reabsorption; has ascending and descending loop |
| distal convoluted tubules | hollow tubes located between the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules that are involved in secretion |
| collecting tubules | hollow tubes that carry urine from the cortex to the renal pelvis |
Created by:
mlmertens91
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