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diabetic pharm
anti-diabetic agents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diazoxide | increases blood glucose levels by inhibiting insulin secretion, used for insulinoma, amy cause sodium retnetion, GI irritation and changes in circulating WBC's |
| glucagon | single chain polypeptide which is inhibted by elevated glucose, insulin and somatostatin, stimulated by amino acids and sympathetic stimulation |
| glucagon | used in hypoglycemic crisis, provides intestinal relaxation for radiologic studies, used to asses pancreatic reserves |
| glucagon | adverse effects are nausea and vomiting |
| troglitazone | increases tissue sensitivity to insulin, increases glucose uptake and decreases insulin levels in the liver, increases glucose uptake in muscle |
| troglitazone | reduces plasma glucose and triglycerides and does not cause hypoglycemia |
| alpha glucosidase inhibitors | acarbose |
| acarbose | is an oligosacharide which competitely and reversible inhibits alpha amylase in lumen of intestine |
| acarbose | prolongs digestion of carbohydrates and reduces peak plasma glucose levels, rarely causes hypoglycemia |
| biguanine | metformin |
| metformin | reduces hepatic glucose production, increases peripheral insulin sensitivity |
| metformin | sometimes used with sulfonylureas, rarely causes hypoglycemia or weight gain |
| metformin | adverse effects include lactic acidosis |
| long acting sulfonylureas | chloropropamide and flimepiride |
| ong acting sulfonylureas | reabsored in kidney, contraindicated in elderly, adverse effects- water retention and disulfiram like reactions |
| intermediate acting sulfonylureas | acetohexamide( useful in pateints with gout), tolazamide and glyburide( mild diuretic efects), glipizide(largly protein bound) |
| short acting sulfonylureas | tolbutamide |
| tolbutamide | adverse effects- hypoglycemia, GI disturbances and dermatologic disorders, associated with 2.5 fold increase in cardiovascular mortality |
| sulfonylureas | increases secreation of insulin by blockin K channels |
| sulfonylureas | increases sensitivity to insulin, decreases serum glucagon |
| Insulin | adverse reactions-hypoglycemia and immune disorders ( anti-insulin antibodies, hypersensitivity, lipodystrophy or hypertrophy at injection site) |
| long acting insulin | protamine-zinc insulin and ultralente |
| intermediate acting insulin | Isophane insulin, lente insulin |
| fast acting insulin | regular insulin, semilente insulin |
| actions of insulin on liver | inhibits glucose production and glycogenolysis, stimulates glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, increases synthesis of proteins and triglycerides |
| actions insulin on muscle | increases glucose transport, glycolysis, glycogen deposition and protein synthesis |
| actions of insulin on adipose tissue | increases glucose transport, lipogenesis and lipoprotein lipase and decreases intracellular lypolysis |
| insulin | promotes systemic cellular K uptake |
Created by:
swohlers
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