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Ch9 Nervous Sys
| The nervous system contains specialized, communicating nerve cells called _________, and supporting cells called _______. | Neurons, Neuroglia |
| The Central Nervous System is made up of the _____ and _____ ______ | Brain, Spinal cord |
| The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the ____ and ______ nerves. | Cranial, Spinal |
| What are the three general functions of the nervous system? | 1. Sensory receptors into impulses 2. Integrative function 3 Motor function |
| Neuroglia fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four types are found in the ____ and one main type in the ____. | CNS, PNS |
| Are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. | Microglial cells |
| Form myelin in the central nervous system. | Oligodendrocytes |
| are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces. | Astrocytes |
| cover choroid plexuses and form inner linings that enclose ventricles of the brain. | Ependyma |
| _______ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system. | Schwann |
| A neuron has a ______ _____ with mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus, chromatophilic substances containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils. | Cell Body |
| Nerve fibers contain a solitary out-going _____ and numerous ______, which bring in impulses from receptors. | Axon, Dendrites |
| Larger axons in the PNS are enclosed by _____ sheaths provided by ______ cells. | Myelin, Schwann |
| The outer layer of covering in myelinated peripheral neurons is called the _____? | Neurilemma |
| Neurilemma function? | it can serve to guide the axon to its target. |
| Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath are called | Nodes of Ranvier |
| By Structure Describe the three types of neurons as classified by structure. | Multipolar; bi-polar, uni-polar |
| How does Multipolar, Bi-polar, and uni-polar differ? | Differ in the number of processes (neurites) from cell body |
| ___________ (afferent neurons) conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS and are usually what type? | Sensory, Unipolar structures but may also have a bi-polar structure |
| are multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons. | Motor |
| neurons are multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors. | Interneurons |
| The junction between two communicating neurons is called a | Synapse |
| Impulses must be conveyed across? | Synaptic Cleft |
| Synaptic Transmission it the process by which the impulse in the presynaptic neuron is transmitted across the synaptic cleft to the _______. | postsynaptic neuron |
| When an impulse reaches the synaptic knob of an axon, synaptic _________ release chemicals called _______________ into the synaptic ____________. | Vesicles, Neurotransmitters, Cleft |
| A cell membrane is usually polarized, with an excess of _____________ charges on the inside of the membrane; polarization is important to the conduction of nerve impulses. | Negative |
| The distribution of ions is determined by the membrane ________ that are selective for certain ions. | Channel protein |
| ___________ ions pass through the membrane more readily than do _______ ions, making the former a major contributor to membrane polarization. | Potassium, Sodium |
| Due to active transport, the cell maintains a greater concentration of ________ ions outside and a greater concentration of ________ ions inside the membrane. | Sodium, potassium |
| The inside of the membrane has excess _________ charges, while the outside has more ___________ charges. | negative, positive |
| The difference in electrical charge between two regions is called a? | Resting potential |
| Because neurons can respond to changes in their surroundings they are? | excitable |
| If the resting potential decreases, the membrane becomes | depolarized |
| What is the result of a neuron reaching its threshold potential? | Causes enough sodium channels to open to bring about complete depolarization. |
| During an action potential, the membrane of the neuron undergoes ______ up to +40 mV, followed by ________ that makes it too negative, followed by a brief _________, before returning to its resting potential. | Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization. |
| ___________________ fibers conduct impulses over their entire membrane surface. | unmyelinated |
| __________ fibers conduct impulses from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, a phenomenon called ________conduction. This conduction is many times faster . | Myelinated, Saltatory |
| Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold , and are thus__________. | Inhibitory |
| When an action potential reaches the synaptic knob, ________ ions rush inward and, in response, some synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents to the synaptic cleft. | Calcium |
| ________ in synaptic clefts and on postsynaptic membranes rapidly decompose the neurotransmitters after their release. | Enzymes |
| Neurons within the CNS are organized into neuronal ____ with varying numbers of cells. Each ______ receives input from afferent nerves and processes the information according to the special characteristics of the _______. | Pool |
| A particular neuron of a pool may receive excitatory or inhibitory stimulation; if the net effect is excitatory but ___________ the neuron becomes more excitable to incoming stimulation (a condition called _____________). | subthreshold, Facilitation. |
| A single neuron within a pool may receive impulses from two or more fibers. This is called ________. | convergence |
| Impulses leaving a neuron in a pool may be passed to several output fibers. This is called _________ and serves to amplify an impulse. | divergence |
| Nerves are bundles of ______. | axons |
| Nerves that bring sensory information into the CNS are called _____ neurons. | afferent |
| _______ nerves carry impulses from the CNS. | Efferent |
| Nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers are called _____ nerves. | Mixed. |
| A reflex arc includes a sensory __________, a __________ neuron, an ____ in the spinal cord that serve as a reflex center, a _____ neuron whose axons pass out of the CNS,, and a/an ____________ that carries out the reflex response. | receptor, sensory, interneurons, motor, effector |
| ________ are automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli that help maintain homeostasis. | Reflexes |
| The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by membranes called _____ that lie between the bone and the soft tissues. | meninges |
| The outermost layer of the brain is made up of tough, white dense connective tissue, contains many blood vessels, and is called the _______. | dura mater |
| The sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by a/an _____ space. | Epidural |
| The middle layer of the brain meninges is the ______, is thin and lacks blood vessels and looks like a spider web. | arachnoid mater |
| The innermost layer of the brain meninges is the ______, is thin and contains many blood vessels and nerves. | pia mater |
| Between arachnoid mater and Pia mater is a ________ space containing _________ fluid. | sub-arachnoid, cerebrospinal |
| Conducting nerve impulses: tracts carrying sensory information are called ________ tracts. Those that conduct motor impulses from the brain are called ________ tracts. | Ascending, Decending |
| What are the four major divisions of the brain? | Brain stem, Diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum |
| The _____ is the largest portion of the brain. | Cerebrum |
| A broad, flat bundle of nerve fibers called the ____ _____ connects the two cerebrum hemispheres. | Corpus Callosum |
| The surface of the brain is marked by ridges called ______, shallow grooves called _________, and deep grooves called _______. | Convolution, sulcus, fissure |
| A thin layer of gray matter, the cerebral _____, lies on the outside of the cerebrum and contains 75% of the cell bodies in the nervous system. | Cortex |
| Interpret sensory input and give rise to sensations or feelings. | Sensory |
| Cells int he frontal lobe generate nerve impulses that control muscle activity. | Motor |
| analyzes sensory inputs and functions in reasoning, memory and other mental functions. | Association |
| Which hemisphere, language-related activities of speech, writing, and reading, is dominant in 90% of the population? | Left |
| The _____ hemisphere dominates in non-verbal functions, emotions, intuition, and art awareness. | Right |
| Masses of gray matter deep in the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor impulses and help to control motor activities. | Basal Nuclei (ganglia) |
| ________ are a series of connected fluid filled spaces within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. How many are there? | Ventricles, 4 |
| The ventricles are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, and are filled with _________ fluid. | Cerebralspinal |
| _____ plexuses, specialized capillaries from the pia mater, secrete the fluid that provide nutrients and cushions the CNS. | Choroid |
| The ______ functions in sorting and directing sensory information arriving from other parts of the nervous system, performing the services of both messenger and editor. It acts like an executive secretary for the cerebrum. | Thalamus |
| The ____maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities and by linking the endocrine system with the nervous system. List its other functions. | hypothalamus |
| The _________, in the area of the diencephalon, controls emotional experience and expression. by generating pleasant or unpleasant feelings about experiences | Limbic system |
| The brain stem, consisting of ___, the __, and the _____. The brain stem lies at the base of the cerebrum, and connects the brain to the spinal cord. | mid-brain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Doorman of cerebrum. Conveys nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum. | Mid-brain |
| Acts as a bridge between the spinal cord and various parts of the cerebrum. | Pons |
| Transmit all ascending an descending pathways to the spinal cord and also contains important nuclei that are centers for certain vital reflexes like breathing. | medulla oblongata |
| It is a complex network of nerve fibers within the brain stem and certain other parts of the brain that controls sleep and wakefulness. | Reticular Formation |
| Integrates sensory information about position of body parts, and coordinates muscle activity. It is import in balance and muscular coordination. | Cerebellum |
| controls skeletal muscles | Somatic |
| controls smooth muscle and glands. Maintains homeostasis of visceral activities without conscious effort. Two divisions called? | Autonomic, Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| O O O To Touch And Feel Virginia's Gucci Vest Ah Heaven | Olfactory, optic, ophthalmic, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal. |
| In the autonomic motor system, motor pathways include two fibers: a _____ fiber that leaves the CNS, and a ______ fiber that innervates the effector. | preganglionic, post-ganglionic |
| Fibers in the parasympathetic division arise from the _______ and _______ region of the spinal cord, and synapse in ganglia close to the effector organ. | Brain stem, sacral |
| Preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions release ________. | Acetylcholine |
| Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic fibers and release _______. | acetylcholine |
| Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic and release ____________. | norepinephrine |
| The __________ and _______ alter the reactions of the autonomic nervous system through emotional influence. | Limbic system, cerebral cortex |
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