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APHY101 Chapter 16
| Question | Answer | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynB.jpg | Hormonal | Humoral | >>Neural | ||
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynC.jpg | >>Hormonal | Humoral | Neural | ||
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynA.jpg | Hypophyseal portal veins | Primary capillary plexus | Secondary capillary plexus | Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis | >>Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynB.jpg | Hypophyseal portal veins | >>Primary capillary plexus | Secondary capillary plexus | Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis | Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynC.jpg | >>Hypophyseal portal veins | Primary capillary plexus | Secondary capillary plexus | Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis | Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynD.jpg | Hypophyseal portal veins | Primary capillary plexus | >>Secondary capillary plexus | Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis | Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808226_dynE.jpg | Hypophyseal portal veins | Primary capillary plexus | Secondary capillary plexus | >>Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis | Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynA.jpg | Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid | >>Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen | Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4 | Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood | Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynB.jpg | Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid | Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen | Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4 | Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome | >>Iodide is actively transported in |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynC.jpg | >>Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid | Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen | Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome | Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood | Iodide is actively transported in |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynD.jpg | Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid | Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome | >>Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4 | Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood | Iodide is actively transported in |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynE.jpg | >>Thyroglobulin colloid is combined with lysosome | Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen | Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4 | Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood | Iodide is actively transported in |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808227_dynF.jpg | Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid | Thyroglobulin synthesized/discharged into follicle lumen | Iodinated tyrosines are linked to form T3 & T4 | >>Enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from colloid/hormones diffuse into blood | Iodide is actively transported in |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynA.jpg | Cortex | Zona reticularis | Adrenal medulla cells | Zona glomerulosa | >>Medulla |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynB.jpg | >>Cortex | Zona reticularis | Adrenal medulla cells | Zona glomerulosa | Zona fasciculata |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynC.jpg | Cortex | Zona reticularis | Zona fasciculata | >>Zona glomerulosa | Medulla |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynD.jpg | >>Zona fasciculata | Zona reticularis | Adrenal medulla cells | Zona glomerulosa | Medulla |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynE.jpg | Cortex | >>Zona reticularis | Zona fasciculata | Zona glomerulosa | Medulla |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808228_dynF.jpg | Zona fasciculata | Zona reticularis | >>Adrenal medulla cells | Zona glomerulosa | Medulla |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynA.jpg | Blood glucose levels rise | >>Rising blood sugar | Insulin | Declining blood glucose level | Glucagon |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynB.jpg | Blood glucose levels rise | Rising blood sugar | >>Insulin | Glucagon | Blood glucose levels fall to normal range |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynC.jpg | Blood glucose levels rise | Glucagon | Insulin | Declining blood glucose level | >>Blood glucose levels fall to normal range |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynD.jpg | Glucagon | Rising blood sugar | Insulin | >>Declining blood glucose level | Blood glucose levels fall to normal range |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynE.jpg | Blood glucose levels rise | Rising blood sugar | >>Glucagon | Declining blood glucose level | Blood glucose levels fall to normal range |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808229_dynF.jpg | >>Blood glucose levels rise | Rising blood sugar | Insulin | Declining blood glucose level | Blood glucose levels fall to normal range |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161A.jpg | >>Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. | Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. | Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161B.jpg | >>Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. | Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. | Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161C.jpg | >>Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. | Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. | Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161D.jpg | >>Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. | Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. | Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig161E.jpg | >>Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. | Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. | Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162A.jpg | >>Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162B.jpg | >>Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162C.jpg | >>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162D.jpg | >>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/Fig162E.jpg | >>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). |
| Which of the following is a steroid hormone? | >>Testosterone | Epinephrine | TSH | ACTH | PTH |
| Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function? | Pituitary | Pancreas | >>Kidneys | Thymus | |
| Acromegaly is a condition resulting from the over-secretion of | thyroid hormones. | thymus gland hormones. | parathyroid hormones. | >>the growth hormone. | adrenal cortex hormones. |
| Hormonal action is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT | selectivity for specific protein receptors. | cooperative effect with other hormones. | >>degrading and removal of other hormones. | antagonistic effects between some hormones. | mechanism of up-regulating or down-regulating. |
| Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by | changing the permeability of the cell membrane. | activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell. | activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell. | >>binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex. | using calcium ions as a second-messenger. |
| Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of | aldosterone. | >>epinephrine. | thyroid hormone. | estrogen. | insulin. |
| The action of hormones on living cells does NOT include | control of the secretory functions of the cell. | activation or deactivation of enzymes. | >>alteration of the structure of the plasma membrane. | changing the permeability of the plasma membrane. | regulation of mitotic activity of the cell. |
| The adrenal gland produces the following hormones EXCEPT | cortisone. | epinephrine. | aldosterone. | >>renin. | androgens. |
| The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include | amino acid-based hormones. | >>glucose-containing hormones. | cholesterol containing hormones. | steroid hormones. | protein-based hormones. |
| The growth-promoting functions of GH do NOT include | >>increasing the rate of glucose uptake. | increasing the cellular uptake of amino acids. | increasing the uptake of sulfur into the cartilage matrix. | increasing the blood levels of fatty acids. | |
| The hypothalamus DIRECTLY controls the secretions of the | mammary gland. | adrenal gland. | gonads. | thyroid gland. | >>pituitary gland. |
| The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by | >>TH. | TSH. | ACTH | FSH. | ADH. |
| The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of | neural stimuli. | >>humoral stimuli. | hypothalamic stimuli. | pituitary gland stimuli. | hormonal stimuli. |
| The stimulus for producing insulin is | low glycogen concentration. | >>high blood glucose concentration. | low blood fatty acid concentration. | low blood glucose concentration. | low blood amino acid concentration. |
| The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of | catecholamines. | amino acid-based hormones. | pancreatic hormones. | >>steroid hormones. | pituitary gland hormones. |
| What is the life span of most hormones? | >>0 - 30 minutes | 12 - 24 hours | One week | 1 - 5 hours | One month |
| Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? | GH | ACTH | FSH | TSH | >>ADH |
| Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? | >>Iodine | Iron | Sulfur | Copper | Zinc |
| Which of the following organs do NOT have a known endocrine function? | Stomach | Heart | Kidneys | Thyroid | >>Spleen |
| The general function of parathyroid hormones is | regulation of blood levels of glucose. | synthesis of Vitamin D. | regulating blood pressure. | regulation of menstrual cycle. | >>regulation of blood levels of calcium. |
| The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the | ovaries. | parathyroid glands. | adrenal glands. | thyroid gland. | >>anterior pituitary gland. (adenohypophysis) |
| Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and causes uterine contractions during childbirth? | Growth hormone | >>Oxytocin | Insulin | Epinephrine | Thyroid hormone |
| Adrenal hormones that help control the balance of minerals and water in the blood are | mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal medulla. | norepinephrine . | glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex. | >>mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex. | Epinephrine |
| A hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases blood sugar levels is | thyroid hormone. | calcitonin. | aldosterone. | glucagon. | >>insulin. |
| Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? | Neural | Endocrine | Autocrine | >>Paracrine | |
| Which of the following is the property in which a hormone can NOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone? | Synergism | Assertiveness | Antagonism | >>Permissiveness | |
| Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but rather a trophic substance? | Aldosterone | Calcitonin | Thyroid hormone | >>TSH | Glucagon |
| Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? | the adrenal gland | >>the hypothalamus | the pituitary | the pancreas | |
| Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they | >>they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones. | mediate inflammatory reactions. | are lipid in nature. | don't have target organs. | |
| All of the following apply to water soluble hormones except that | they are coupled with one or more intracellular messengers. | they act on receptors in the plasma membrane. | >>they can turn genes on. | they work through G proteins. | |
| Which of the following hormones could enter the cell? | >>thyroxine | leptin | the growth hormone | insulin | |
| How do protein kinases affect enzymes? | They increase the secretion of an enzyme. | >>They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme. | They increase the release of an enzyme. | They break down the enzyme. | |
| The " hormone response element" is located on the cell | membrane. | RNA. | enzymes. | >>DNA. | |
| The binding of a hormone to its "hormone response element" would lead to the | direct activation of enzymes in the cell. | formation of cAMP. | direct activation of second messenger agents in the cell. | >>transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event. | |
| Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest | molecule. | activation time. | >>half-life. | chain of amino acids. | |
| The normal endocrine controls can be directly over-ridden by the _________ system. | circulatory | >>nervous | digestive | reproductive | |
| POMC is a prohormone for | insulin. | growth hormone. | >>ACTH. | thyroxin. | |
| Insulin-like growth factors stimulate the uptake of | calcium. | iron. | >>sulfur. | potassium. | |
| Excess growth hormone would cause all the following except | >>suppression of cancer. | acromegally in adults. | diabetes. | giantism in children. | |
| Hypersecretion of ADH can occur in all of the following situations except | >>damage to the pineal gland. | after general anesthesia. | ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer. | following neurosurgery. | |
| Which of the following organs is not affected by thyroxin? | kidney | liver | ovaries | >>spleen | |
| Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by | lysosomes in the cell. | the Golgi apparatus. | >>peroxidase enzymes. | colloid endocytosis. | |
| A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size and a thick tongue and neck is due to | deficiency of thymosin. | >>deficiency of thyroxin. | excess of synthetic growth hormone. | insulin deficiency. | |
| Osteitis fibrosa cystica is due to | >>an increase in the parathyroid hormone. | an increase in calcitonin. | an increase in ADH. | an increase in the growth hormone in an adult. | |
| Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following except the | >>brain. | myocardium. | adipose. | skeletal muscle. | |
| Which of the following hormones would suppress insulin release? | thyroxine | >>somatostatin | epinephrine | growth hormone | |
| All of the following statements about melatonin are true except: | It is derived from serotonin. | >>Its level in the blood peaks during the day. | It is secreted in a diurnal cycle. | It is a powerful antioxidant. | |
| Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the | >>adipose tissue. | heart. | liver. | hypothalamus. | |
| Which of the following hormones is not a peptide? | gastrin | leptin | >>cholecalciferol | renin | |
| Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? | erythropoietin | renin | >>cholecalciferol | melatonin | |
| Somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on | >>acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it. | the cells that secrete it. | the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones. | distant target organs. | |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of | aldosterone | insulin | secretin | >>cortisol | |
| Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the | adrenal medulla | pancreas | thyroid gland | >>thymus gland | |
| Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular | ions | deactivators | nucleotides | >>second messengers | |
| Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? | >>enzyme | humoral | neural | hormonal | |
| Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called | enzymes | antibodies | proteins | >>hormones | |
| The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract | connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland | >>is partly contained within the infundibulum | conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis | is the site of prolactin synthesis | |
| Tropic hormones | >>include ACTH and TSH | do not regulate the function of other endocrine glands | exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation | include GH and PRL | |
| Growth hormone | is also called somatostatin | is regulated by humoral mechanisms | secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass | >>promotes long bone growth during the formative years | |
| Oxytocin | >>release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism | is an adenohypophyseal secretion | exerts its most important effects during menstruation | controls milk production | |
| ADH | increases urine production | promotes dehydration | is produced in the adenohypophysis | >>is inhibited by alcohol | |
| Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by | >>entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei | exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism | causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure | acting to decrease basal metabolic rate | |
| Gonadocorticoid(s) | synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens | >>production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty | secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH | hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization | |
| Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as | diabetes mellitus | cellular inhibition | >>down-regulation | metabolism of protein kinases | |
| Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? | a change in membrane potential | the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis | an increase in enzymatic activity | >>direct control of the nervous system | |
| The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on | the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path | the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ | >>the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ | nothing–all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific | |
| Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the | hepatic portal system | general circulatory system | >>hypophyseal portal system | feedback loop | |
| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because | it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release | embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional | it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location | >>it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release | |
| Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released | in excessive amounts in obese people | in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten -mile run) | >>when the body's glucose level rises | when the body's glucose level drops | |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by | >>entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene | finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity | stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen | increasing blood pressure | |
| The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by | synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed | increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ | not responding to a feedback mechanism | >>binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP | |
| Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because | there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane | the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time | the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized | >>during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes | |
| Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible beca | peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers | hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly | >>G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers | the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit | |
| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to | insulin, because insulin is a small peptide | >>steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells | growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone | glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone | |
| When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight -or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is | estrogen | >>epinephrine | angiotensinogen | renin | |
| One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates | catabolic inhibition | protein synthesis | >>humoral stimulation | |
| The major targets of growth hormone are | the blood vessels | the adrenal glands | the liver | >>bones and skeletal muscles | |
| The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through | blocking the action of growth hormone | >>targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released | antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin | slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity | |
| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | >>the heart | the kidney | the skin | the spleen | |
| Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to | testosterone | estrogen | >>cortisol | epinephrine | |
| Leptin is secreted by | lymphocytes | >>adipocytes | goblet cells | fibroblasts | |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is | insulin | >>aldosterone | glucagon | cortisol | |
| Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? | estrogen | aldosterone | >>epinephrine | cortisone | |
| Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action? | cyclic AMP | >>calmodulin | cyclic GMP | inositol triphosphate | |
| Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers. | Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides. | Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones. | >>An amino acid derivative can be a hormone. | An example of a paracrine is testosterone. | |
| Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? | extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP | second-messenger systems | >>a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA | |
| Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second -messenger systems include | >>possible activation of several different second -messenger systems | cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger | formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates | hormone binding to intracellular receptors | |
| Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus | enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone -containing blood to the pituitary | enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary | travel by arteries to the pituitary | >>first enter into the hypophyseal portal system | |
| ACTH | is secreted by the posterior pituitary | >>secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion | causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla | is not a tropic hormone | |
| Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? | Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. | High calcium levels cause bone resorption. | Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. | >>Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood. | |
| Aldosterone | is secreted by the neurohypophysis | >>functions to increase sodium reabsorption | presence increases potassium concentration in the blood | production is greatly influenced by ACTH | |
| The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is | >>TH | ACTH | GH | ADH | |
| Which organ does not have hormone production? | heart | kidney | >>liver | skin | |
| In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as | the cell's sensitivity reaction | cellular affinity | >>up-regulation | a reaction to a stressor | |
| Eicosanoids do not include | paracrines | leukotrienes | >>hydrocortisones | prostaglandins | |
| A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. | FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. | The physician is wrong–a hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. | >>FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. | The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. | |
| Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? | >>liver | spleen | thyroid gland | brain | |
| Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | It causes positive feedback. | >>It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. | It is very specific in the cell type it targets. | It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. | |
| Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include | growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) | rising levels of glucocorticoids | somatostatin | >>excessively high blood iodine concentrations | |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by | >>increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure | decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure | stimulating the pancreas to release insulin | blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response | |
| What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid -base hormones? | Iron | >>Calcium | Sodium | Chlorine | |
| Adenohypophysis | ADH | Aldosterone | >>TSH | Calcitonin | Melatonin |
| Neurohypophysis | >>ADH | Aldosterone | TSH | Calcitonin | Melatonin |
| Thyroid gland | ADH | Aldosterone | TSH | >>Calcitonin | Melatonin |
| Adrenal gland | ADH | >>Aldosterone | TSH | Calcitonin | Melatonin |
| Pineal gland | ADH | Aldosterone | TSH | Calcitonin | >>Melatonin |
| FSH | >>Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries | Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine | Stimulates the thyroid gland | Stimulates the adrenal cortex | Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth |
| GH | Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries | Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine | Stimulates the thyroid gland | Stimulates the adrenal cortex | >>Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth |
| ACTH | Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries | Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine | Stimulates the thyroid gland | >>Stimulates the adrenal cortex | Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth |
| TSH | Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries | Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine | >>Stimulates the thyroid gland | Stimulates the adrenal cortex | Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth |
| ADH | Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries | >>Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine | Stimulates the thyroid gland | Stimulates the adrenal cortex | Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth |
| Insulin | Decrease in body metabolism | >>High levels of blood sugar | Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels | Loss of body fluids | Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids |
| ADH | Decrease in body metabolism | High levels of blood sugar | Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels | >>Loss of body fluids | Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids |
| Aldosterone | Decrease in body metabolism | High levels of blood sugar | Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels | Loss of body fluids | >>Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids |
| Thyroxine | >>Decrease in body metabolism | High levels of blood sugar | Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels | Loss of body fluids | Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids |
| Parathyroid hormone | Decrease in body metabolism | High levels of blood sugar | >>Decrease in blood Ca2+ levels | Loss of body fluids | Loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle | Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones | >>Stimulates the production of thyroxine | Affects functions of the ovaries and testes | Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size |
| Growth hormone | Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle | Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones | Stimulates the production of thyroxine | Affects functions of the ovaries and testes | >>Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size |
| Oxytocin | >>Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle | Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones | Stimulates the production of thyroxine | Affects functions of the ovaries and testes | Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle | >>Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones | Stimulates the production of thyroxine | Affects functions of the ovaries and testes | Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | Increases contractions of uterine smooth muscle | Causes the adrenal cortex to produce hormones | Stimulates the production of thyroxine | >>Affects functions of the ovaries and testes | Causes cells to undergo mitosis and increase in size |
| TSH | Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes. | >>Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes | Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions |
| FSH | Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water | >>Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes. | Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes | Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions |
| LH | Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes. | Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine | >>Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes | Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions |
| Oxytocin | Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes. | Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes | >>Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions |
| ADH | >>Released from posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen and spermatogenesis in the testes. | Released from anterior pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine | Released from anterior pituitary; causes ovulation and interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes | Released from posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions |
| Prolactin | Raises blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands | Increases metabolic rate | Lowers blood Ca2+ levels | >>Stimulates milk production |
| Oxytocin | Raises blood Ca2+ levels | >>Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands | Increases metabolic rate | Lowers blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk production |
| Thyroxine | Raises blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands | >>Increases metabolic rate | Lowers blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk production |
| Calcitonin | Raises blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands | Increases metabolic rate | >>Lowers blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk production |
| Parathyroid hormone | >>Raises blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands | Increases metabolic rate | Lowers blood Ca2+ levels | Stimulates milk production |
| Calcitonin | Adrenal cortex | >>Thyroid gland | Adrenal medulla | Pituitary gland | Parathyroid glands |
| Parathyroid hormone | Adrenal cortex | Thyroid gland | Adrenal medulla | Pituitary gland | >>Parathyroid glands |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormones | Adrenal cortex | Thyroid gland | Adrenal medulla | >>Pituitary gland | Parathyroid glands |
| Glucocorticoids | >>Adrenal cortex | Thyroid gland | Adrenal medulla | Pituitary gland | Parathyroid glands |
| Epinephrine | Adrenal cortex | Thyroid gland | >>Adrenal medulla | Pituitary gland | Parathyroid glands |
| Pineal gland | >>Melatonin | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Testosterone | HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | Thymosin |
| Testes | Melatonin | Atrial natriuretic peptide | >>Testosterone | HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | Thymosin |
| Thymus | Melatonin | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Testosterone | HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | >>Thymosin |
| Heart | Melatonin | >>Atrial natriuretic peptide | Testosterone | HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | Thymosin |
| Placenta | Melatonin | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Testosterone | >>HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | Thymosin |
| Melatonin | Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production | Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys | >>Associated with drowsiness at night | Helps to sustain pregnancy | Essential for normal immune response |
| Testosterone | >>Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production | Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys | Associated with drowsiness at night | Helps to sustain pregnancy | Essential for normal immune response |
| Thymosin | Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production | Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys | Associated with drowsiness at night | Helps to sustain pregnancy | >>Essential for normal immune response |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production | >>Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys | Associated with drowsiness at night | Helps to sustain pregnancy | Essential for normal immune response |
| HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) | Associated with sexual maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production | Reduces blood volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys | Associated with drowsiness at night | >>Helps to sustain pregnancy | Essential for normal immune response |
| Adipose tissue | Erythropoietin | Gastrin | Cholecystokinin | >>Leptin | Cholecalciferol |
| Skin | Erythropoietin | Gastrin | Cholecystokinin | Leptin | >>Cholecalciferol |
| Kidney | >>Erythropoietin | Gastrin | Cholecystokinin | Leptin | Cholecalciferol |
| Duodenum of small intestine | Erythropoietin | Gastrin | >>Cholecystokinin | Leptin | Cholecalciferol |
| Stomach | Erythropoietin | >>Gastrin | Cholecystokinin | Leptin | Cholecalciferol |
| Leptin | Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid | >>Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control | Stimulates the release of bile | Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells | Stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Cholecalciferol | Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid | Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control | Stimulates the release of bile | >>Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells | Stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Erythropoietin | Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid | Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control | Stimulates the release of bile | Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells | >>Stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Cholecystokinin | Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid | Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control | >>Stimulates the release of bile | Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells | Stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Gastrin | >>Stimulates the stomach to release hydrochloric acid | Binds to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control | Stimulates the release of bile | Activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells | Stimulates the production of red blood cells |
| Glucagon | >>Pancreas | Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Kidneys | Thyroid gland |
| TSH | Pancreas | Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | >>Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Kidneys | Thyroid gland |
| Thyroxine | Pancreas | Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Kidneys | >>Thyroid gland |
| Renin | Pancreas | Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | >>Kidneys | Thyroid gland |
| ADH | Pancreas | >>Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Kidneys | Thyroid gland |
| Glucagon | >>Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver | Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules | Increases red blood cell production | Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | Increases the metabolic rate |
| TSH | Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver | Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules | Increases red blood cell production | >>Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | Increases the metabolic rate |
| Thyroxine | Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver | Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules | Increases red blood cell production | Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | >>Increases the metabolic rate |
| Erythropoietin | Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver | Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules | >>Increases red blood cell production | Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | Increases the metabolic rate |
| ADH | Increases the blood sugar level by stimulating the liver | >>Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules | Increases red blood cell production | Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine | Increases the metabolic rate |
| FSH & LH | Gonadocorticoids | >>Gonadotropins | Glucocorticoids | Mineralocorticoids | |
| Cortisol | Gonadocorticoids | Gonadotropins | >>Glucocorticoids | Mineralocorticoids | |
| Androgens | >>Gonadocorticoids | Gonadotropins | Glucocorticoids | Mineralocorticoids | |
| Aldosterone | Gonadocorticoids | Gonadotropins | Glucocorticoids | >>Mineralocorticoids | |
| Gonadotropins | Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress | Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities | >>Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes | Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels | |
| Glucocorticoids | >>Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress | Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities | Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes | Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels | |
| Androgens | Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress | >>Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities | Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes | Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels | |
| Mineralocorticoids | Increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids during stress | Produce masculinizing effects when produced in large quantities | Regulate functions of gonads in both sexes | >>Regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels | |
| Posterior pituitary | Aldosterone | Epinephrine | Insulin | >>Antidiuretic hormone | Growth hormone |
| Anterior pituitary | Aldosterone | Epinephrine | Insulin | Antidiuretic hormone | >>Growth hormone |
| Pancreas | Aldosterone | Epinephrine | >>Insulin | Antidiuretic hormone | Growth hormone |
| Adrenal cortex | >>Aldosterone | Epinephrine | Insulin | Antidiuretic hormone | Growth hormone |
| Adrenal medulla | Aldosterone | >>Epinephrine | Insulin | Antidiuretic hormone | Growth hormone |
| Antidiuretic hormone | >>Causes kidneys to conserve water | Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis | Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys | Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response | Facilitates glucose transport into cells |
| Growth hormone | Causes kidneys to conserve water | >>Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis | Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys | Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response | Facilitates glucose transport into cells |
| Insulin | Causes kidneys to conserve water | Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis | Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys | Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response | >>Facilitates glucose transport into cells |
| Aldosterone | Causes kidneys to conserve water | Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis | >>Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys | Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response | Facilitates glucose transport into cells |
| Epinephrine | Causes kidneys to conserve water | Stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis | Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys | >>Increases cell reactions during sympathetic response | Facilitates glucose transport into cells |
| Lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood. (is Restored By) | Aldosterone | Calcitonin | Glucagon | Insulin | >>Parathyroid hormone |
| Too much Ca2+ in the blood (is Restored By) | Aldosterone | >>Calcitonin | Glucagon | Insulin | Parathyroid hormone |
| Elevated levels of blood sugar (is Restored By) | Aldosterone | Calcitonin | Glucagon | >>Insulin | Parathyroid hormone |
| Decreased levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) (is Restored By) | Aldosterone | Calcitonin | >>Glucagon | Insulin | Parathyroid hormone |
| Excessive loss of Na+ in extracellular fluids (is Restored By) | >>Aldosterone | Calcitonin | Glucagon | Insulin | Parathyroid hormone |
| The end of a nine month pregnancy (is Restored By) | Adrenal cortex | Pancreas | Parathyroid gland | >>Posterior pituitary | Anterior pituitary |
| Loss of Na+ from profuse sweating (is Restored By) | >>Adrenal cortex | Pancreas | Parathyroid gland | Posterior pituitary | Anterior pituitary |
| High blood sugar due to eating too many sweets (is Restored By) | Adrenal cortex | >>Pancreas | Parathyroid gland | Posterior pituitary | Anterior pituitary |
| Drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme inactivity (is Restored By) | Adrenal cortex | Pancreas | >>Parathyroid gland | Posterior pituitary | Anterior pituitary |
| Delayed or stunted growth (is Restored By) | Adrenal cortex | Pancreas | Parathyroid gland | Posterior pituitary | >>Anterior pituitary |
| Gigantism | Oversecretion of catecholamines | Insulin deficiency | Hyposecretion of ADH | >>Overproduction of GH | Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| Diabetes mellitus | Oversecretion of catecholamines | >>Insulin deficiency | Hyposecretion of ADH | Overproduction of GH | Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| Sympathetic nervous system overactivity | >>Oversecretion of catecholamines | Insulin deficiency | Hyposecretion of ADH | Overproduction of GH | Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| Grave''s disease | Oversecretion of catecholamines | Insulin deficiency | Hyposecretion of ADH | Overproduction of GH | >>Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| Diabetes insipidus | Oversecretion of catecholamines | Insulin deficiency | >>Hyposecretion of ADH | Overproduction of GH | Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
| Zona reticularis | Mineralocorticoids | Glucocorticoids | >>Androgens | Insulin | Glucagon |
| Zona glomerulosa | >>Mineralocorticoids | Glucocorticoids | Androgens | Insulin | Glucagon |
| Zona fasciculata | Mineralocorticoids | >>Glucocorticoids | Androgens | Insulin | Glucagon |
| Beta cells | Mineralocorticoids | Glucocorticoids | Androgens | >>Insulin | Glucagon |
| Alpha cells | Mineralocorticoids | Glucocorticoids | Androgens | Insulin | >>Glucagon |
| Humoral | Axons cause hormone release | Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels | >>Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them | ||
| Neural | >>Axons cause hormone release | Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels | Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them | ||
| Hormonal | Axons cause hormone release | >>Hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels | Monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them | ||
| An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. | Pituitary dwarfism | Diabetes mellitus | Addison's disease | >>Graves' disease | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone. | >>Pituitary dwarfism | Diabetes mellitus | Addison's disease | Graves' disease | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of the pancreas. | Pituitary dwarfism | >>Diabetes mellitus | Addison's disease | Graves' disease | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex. | Pituitary dwarfism | Diabetes mellitus | >>Addison's disease | Graves' disease | Acromegaly |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone. | Pituitary dwarfism | Diabetes mellitus | Addison's disease | Graves' disease | >>Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults. | Cretinism | >>Myxedema | Cushing's disease | Acromegaly | |
| Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. | Cretinism | Myxedema | >>Cushing's disease | Acromegaly | |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone. | Cretinism | Myxedema | Cushing's disease | >>Acromegaly | |
| Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants. | >>Cretinism | Myxedema | Cushing's disease | Acromegaly | |
| The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. | Parathyroid | Adrenal medulla | Pancreas | Thyroid | >>Hypophysis |
| The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. | Parathyroid | >>Adrenal medulla | Pancreas | Thyroid | Hypophysis |
| Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. | Parathyroid | Adrenal medulla | >>Pancreas | Thyroid | Hypophysis |
| Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue. | >>Parathyroid | Adrenal medulla | Pancreas | Thyroid | Hypophysis |
| Produces the body's major metabolic hormones. | Parathyroid | Adrenal medulla | Pancreas | >>Thyroid | Hypophysis |
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynA.jpg | Receptor-hormone complex | >>Receptor-chaperonin complex | Molecular chaperones | ||
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynB.jpg | Receptor-hormone complex | Receptor-chaperonin complex | >>Molecular chaperones | ||
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808224_dynC.jpg | >>Receptor-hormone complex | Receptor-chaperonin complex | Molecular chaperones | ||
| http://www.ywmarketing.com/APHY102/2808225_dynA.jpg | Hormonal | >>Humoral | Neural |
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