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Ana - Ch 9

chapter 9

Question	Answer
There are about ______ different muscles making up the human body.	600
Muscles make up ____ to ____ of the body's weight	40% to 50%
Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal muscles are all derived from ________ mesoderm	Embryonic
The individual muscle cell is often referred to as a ________ fiber	Muscle
Our muscles are not actively undergoing ____ until we die, They reproduce for only a short time after _____	Mitosis - Birth
The process ofl osing muscle tissue and replacing it with connective tissue is called	Atrophy
The most abundant type of muscle in the body is_______ muscle	Skeletal
_____ is the energy molecule used to provide power for muscle contractions	ATP
______ muscle has rapid, short term contractions.	Skeletal
Characteristics of smooth or visceral muscle	Involuntary - contracts slowly & maintains a long period of contraction - Each muscle cell does not have to be individually stimulated
Skeletal muscle tissue is characterized as being	Striated - Voluntary - and contain many nuclei
_______ electrically insulates muscle fibers from each other.	Endomysium
______ is a source of glucose for cellular respiration in mucsle cells	Glycogen
Energy for muscle contraction is directly supplied by	ATP
______ is where the cross bridge flexes, pulling the filament inward toward the center of the sarcomere	Powerstroke
The correct sequence of structures starting with the outside moving inward is	Whole muscle - Fascicles - Muscle fiber - myofibril - myofilament
_________ is the most immediately available source of energy for rebuliding ATP within muscle cells	Creatine-phosphate
The connective tissue which immediatley surrounds a muscle is ________	Epimysium
The connective tissue ______ divides the muscle into fascicles.	Perimysium
Bundles of muscle cells within the muscle are	Fascicles
Our entire skeletal muscle is covered with connective tissue called	Epimysium
The more fixed end of attachment of muscle to bone is the	Origin
The striations seen in skeletal muscles are formed by overlapping _____ and ____ filaments	Actin - Myosin
Each muscle cell has a cell membrane called the	Sarcolemma
The form of hemiglobin in muscle cells is	Myoglobin
Hundreds of thousands of ____ make up a single muscle fiber	Myofibrils
The region of the myofibril between the two z lines that is the contractile unit of a muscle cell is called a	Sacromere
The thin contractile protein in a myofibril is	Actin
______ attach muscle to bone	Tendons
The movement of the myofilaments in a muscle is what actaully produces the muscle ___	Contraction
Each end of a _____ is marked with a Z disc	Saromere
The bands within a muscle fiber which contain only actin filaments are the ___ bands	I
The bright red color of skeletal muscle is due to ______	Myoglobin
The plasma membrane if a muscle is the ______	Sarcolemma
The regions of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is the ___ band	A
The tail is the part of the myosin molecule that has a hinge which allows vertical movement so that the cross bridge can bind to____	Actin
The two kinds of myofilaments foudn within a muscle cell are _____ and _____	Actin - Myosin
_____ does NOT allow the tropomyosin to move over, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin	ATP
_____ has binding sites that myosin can attach too	Actin
ATP is required in muscle contractions to transport _____ back to the terminal	Ca++
During contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, Ca++ binds to the protein called	Troponin
After the vesicles of Kuhne rupture, the correct sequence of events is -	1.Ach pours out - 2.ACh bonds to receptor sites on the sarcolemma 3. the sarcolemma begins to depolarize
The movement of sodium ions causes _______ of the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber after neural stimulation at the myoneural junction.	Depolarization
binding sites for ATP and _____ are the two important binding sites found on the cross bridge of myosin	Actin
______ is NOT a part of the thin filament	Myosin
The two main types of protein found within the muscle fiber which are responsible for contraction are	Actin - Myosin
Characteristics of myosin	Thick filaments - composed of proteins - attaches to actin
Characteristics of Actin	Thin Filaments - composed of protein - attaches with myosin to cause muscle contraction and relaxation
Actin and Myosin are normally inhibited from bonding to each other by	Troponin/tropomyosin
The 2 heads are part of the Myosin molecule that is called the	Cross bridge
The _______ is the part of the myosin molecule that provides the power stroke for muscle contraction	Cross bridge
_____ covers the cross bridge binding sites on actin	Tropomyosin
Contraction and relaxation of a muscle will continue as long as the concentration of ____ remains high enough to inhibit troponin,troposin from rejoining actin, and ATP is available	Calcium
_____ is responsible for uncovering the cross bridge binding sites on the actin molecule when Ca++ is present	Troponin
When Ca++ binds to _____ and attaches to tropomyosin it causes the tropomyosin molecule to expose the actin binding sites	Troponin
The action potential is carried deep within the muscle fiber by way of the	T-tubule
The bonding of actin to myosin activates an enzyme called	ATpase
The space between a nerve and muscle tissue it is innervating is called the _____ junction	Neuromyscular/myoneural
The specific place where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell is a _____ junction	Neuromusclar
The sarcoplasmic veticulum is made of specific parts called terminal cisternae and	Longitudinal portion
A group of one T-tubule lying between adjacent terminal cisternae forms a	Triad
Invaginations of the sarcolemma that project deep in the cell are	T- tubules
The theory of how muscle actaully contract is known as the _________ theory	Sliding filament
Sac-like regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contain calcium ions are	Terminal cisternae
The interconnecting tubules of endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril are	Sarcoplasmic reticulum
When action potential is sent down the sarcolemma and it is carried wihin the muscle fiber, it causes_______ to leave the pores of sarcolemma and move inward	Ca - Calcium
The ______________ is the specific site where a nerve fiber makes contact with a muscle cell	Neuromuscular junction
The expanded, sac-ike portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where most of the calcium is stored are known as the ______ or _________	Ternimal Cisternae / Lateral Sac
During the contraction of skeletal muscle __ discs move closer together	Z
The loss of muscle mass from disuse is	Atrophy
The two main structures that are abundanat at the terminal end of a axon are _______ and vesicles of _______	Mitrochondria - Kuhne
We get the majority of our energy molecules from	Aerobic resperation
In order for a muscle to relax calcium must be absorbed and _____ must be available	ATP
The charge on the outer side of our muscle cell membrance is is not always______	Positive
The specific event that causes the motor end plate to becomedepolarized and an action potentail to be initiated on the sarcolemma is _______ binds to receptor sites on the motor end plate	Acetylocholine
Skeletal muscle cells are _______ cells with _____ and have multiple ______ around the periphery of the cell	unbranched - striations - nuclei
When an action potential is propagated down the sarcolemma it causes the muscle fiber to	Deploarize
If a posion inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase, a muscle may be unable to	Relax
It is impossible to get muscle to contract again if the same stimulus is applied while the muscle is in the ________ phase	Refractory
The resting membrane potential is a nerve due mainly to the outward diffusion of	K+ - potassium
After the synaptic vesicles repture this is the correct sequence of events -	1. ACH pours out 2. ACH bonds to receptor sites on the sarcolemme 3.The sarcolemma begins to depolarize
Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments and the sarcomere shortens. This is called the	Sliding filament theory
All of the following are effects of exercise	1. increased respiration - 2. increased ciculation 3. increased body temperature
The region within a sarcomere where actin from adjacent sarcomeres connect is the ___ line	Z
The cell membrane pores of our excitable tissues are lined with positively charged _____ ions	Calcium
The specific event that causes calcium ions to be released from the terminal cisternae is ____ potentail arrives at the muscle cell	Action
The specific event that causes acetylcholine to be released into the synaptic cleft is ________ of synaptic vesicles	Exocytosis
The specific event that stimulates the synaptic vesicles to fuse the axon membrane is the ______ ion influx into the ____ terminal	Calcium - Axon
The events of muscle contraction are	1.Calcium ions are released from terminal cysternae - 2.cALCIUM IONS BIND TO TROPONIN - 3. Tropomyosin moves away from the muosin binding
The events of muscle contraction in the correct order -	1. Action potential arrives at the axon terminal. 2. The motor end plate becomes deplorized. 3. Synaptic vesicles fuse to the membrane of axon terminal 4. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
continued	5. Action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma. 6. Action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules
As long as ACH remains on the sarcolemma depolarization cannot occur (FALSE)	FALSE
The charge on our cell membrane is created maily by the distribution of all the followinf EXCEPT	Sodium
A stimulus that is less than what is needed to cause contraction is	Sub threshold
Most ______ muscles work in pairs	Skeletal
After a muscle fiber has exhausted its store of ATP and creatine phosphate it switched to_________ as a form of energy	Anaerobic
Your _____ muscle is composed of many motor units	Biceps
Our_____ muscle does not respond to the principal all or none	Biceps
A group of muscle cells innervated by a single neuron is called a	Motor unit
A ______ unit is a one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it/	Motor
A _____ units responds to the prinicpal all or none	Motor
All motor units do not have the same	Threshold
Calcium ions are actively transported back into terminal cisternae during the phase of muscle twitch called _______ period	Relaxation
The specific meurotransmitter that is released from the terminal end of an axon is	Acetylcholine - ACH
An oxygen debt is created when the body carries out ________ respiration	Anaerobic
The strength of a muscle contraction is determined by the _______ of motor units stimulated, the ______ of the stimulus, and the _______ of the stimulus	Number - strength - frequency
During the ______ perios of muscle twitch the sarcolemma and t- tubules depolarize	Latent
During the ______ period of muscle twitch the myosin cross bridge cycling causes sarcomeres to shorten	Contractile
During the _____ period of muscle twitch the muscle returns to its original length	Relaxation
_______________ is usually the result of anaerobic respiration resulting in the build up of lactic acid	Muscle fatigue
Characteristics of fast twitch fibers in Skeletal muscle	Higher fatigability - fewer mitrochondria - fewer capillary content
Myosin and actin filaments do not _____ during muscle contraction	Shorten
In _____ the muscle relaxes totally between stimulations	Treppe
When muscle stays contracted with no apparent relaxation it is	Complete tetanus
Tiny impulses coming from the spinal column. whinch constantly stumulate a few of our muscles creates _________	Muscle tone
The type of muscle contraction in which the tension remains the same but the length of the muscle changes which allows work to be done is	Isotonic
In ______ the strength of contractions decreases with eah stimulation	Fatigue
___________ is the energy production pathway that is the most important in the activity of warming up	Cratine Phosphate
When a 2nd stimulus of the same intensity is applied to a muscle before the completion of the relaxation period of the 1st stimulus resulting in increased muscle tension it is called	Tempral Summation
Aerobic respiration yields ____ atp molecules	36
When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from	Creatine Phosphate
Anaerobic muscle cell respiration produces _______ from pyruvic acide when oxygen is unavailable for aerobic respiratory use	Lactic acid
The _____ cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the _____ of muscle cells	Krebs - mitrochondria
The end product of the glycolytic pathway is 2 molecules of	Pyruvic acid
The _____ cycle and _____ phosphorylation are capable of generating the greatest quanity of ATP	Krebs - Oxidative
The Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation are the energy production pathways most imoirtant in the activity of	jogging for a long distance
_______ capillaries are characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers	Many
_____ quanities of myoglobin are characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers	Large
White fibers are also called	Fast twitch muscle fibers
Red fibers are also called	Slow twitch muscle fibers
________ are capable of prolonged activity	Slow twitch muscle fibers
ATP, mainly from glycolysis is the primary energy source in	Fast twitch muscle fibers
Groups of muscle cells innervated by one motor neuron are	Motor units
The ____ cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are the enegy production pathways most important in the activity of postural muscle tone	Krebs
The inability to maintain tension in a muscle even when all the motor units are firing is	Muscle fatigue
A common cause od muscle fatigue is the accumulation of	Lactic acid
_______ is the energy production pathway that is most important in the activity of very fast sprinting for a short distance	Glycolysis
The stimluation of additional motor units for increased strength of contraction is	Recruitment
The function of asynchronous muacle contraction is to maintain	Muscle tone
A muscle would become ______if all the motor neurons to that muscle are cut	Flaccid
A weak spot in the msucle wall that allow the unerlying viscera to protrude through is referred to as a	Hernia
An involuntary continous contraction without relaxation is a	Muscle Cramp
Muscle A contains 15,000 muscle cells and 50 motor neurons -- how many muscle cells are in each motor unit	300 - 15,0000 / 50
Muscle A has 15,0000 muscle cells and 50 motor neurons - Muscle B has 3,000 cells and 300 motor neurons - Which would be expected to contract with precise control as eye movement	B

Created by: Pam7209

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