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Science Study Guide
EOG prep
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mold Fossil | when a fossil forms but it stays hollow |
| Cast Fossil | happens when an animal or other organisms decay into a rock |
| Carbon Film | the outline of a fossil |
| Trace Fossil | the fossil of a footprint, trail, burrow, rather then the animal itself |
| Preserved Remains | when an animal or its remains are preserved inside of a rock |
| Index Fossil | the fossil of an organism that was alive for a short period of time, but were abundant and widespread geographically |
| Relative Age | the way of describing somethings age without a number scale, but by a comparison |
| Absolute Age | the numerical age in yeas of an object |
| Radiometric Dating | the process used to determine the absolute age of an objects isotope to break down into other isotope and particles |
| Half-Life | the time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope to decay |
| Catastrophism | the idea that conditions and organisms on earth by quick violent events |
| Uniformilarianism | states the process today took place in a similar fashion in the past |
| Stratigraphy | the branch of geology that studies the order and relative age of rock/soil layers on earth |
| Law of Superstition | states that the youngest layers of earth are located on the surface , and as you dig deeper into the surface the layers become older |
| Carbon dating becomes inaccurate after how many years? | about 50,000 years |
| Sedimentary rocks are bad for what type of dating? | Radiometric dating |
| Carbon dating only works on what type of matter? | Organic Matter |
| Variation | a slight difference in an inherited trait of individual members of a species |
| Mutation | random genetic changes that result in new variations |
| Natural Selection | the process by which populations of organism with variations that help them survive, live longer, and compete better |
| Adaptation | an inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment. |
| Camouflage | an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment |
| Mimicry | an adaptation that imitates the appearance of another species |
| Comparative Anatomy | the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species |
| Homologous Structures | body parts of an organism that are similar in structure and position, but not in function |
| Analogous Structures | body parts that perform similar functions, but are different in structure |
| Vestigial Structures | body parts that have lost their original functions throughout evolution |
| Who published the book "On The Origin Of Species", in 1859? | Charles Darwin |
| Who embarked on a five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle, on December 27th, 1831, as a research exhibition? | Charles Darwin |
| Disease | abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism |
| Infectious disease | disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organism |
| Noninfectious disease | diseases that are noncommunicable and cannot be spread, sometimes called chronic diseases because they last a long time |
| Pathogen | disease producing organism |
| Vector | any agent (person, animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism |
| Bacteria | unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus |
| Virus | infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host |
| Fungus | eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms |
| Protist | unicellular or multicellular organism that can be plantlike , animal like, or funguslike |
| Host cell | living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli |
| Replication | viruses can copy themselves by attaching to a host cell and using the cell as a factory to copy itself |
| Mutation | enable viruses to adjust to changes in their host cells and are the reason why viruses such as the flu are different every year |
| Antibody | a protein that can attach to a pathogen and make it useless, if you have the right antibodies you are immune to a virus |
| Antiviral drugs | medicine that prevents a virus from entering a cell, antiviral drugs are only good for one virus and not all viruses have one |
| Vaccine | mixture containing material from one or more deactivated pathogens (usually viruses), helps bodies to form antibodies |
| Antibiotics | some bacteria produce these chemicals that limit the growth of other bacteria |
| Toxins | poisonous substances produced by some bacteria |
| Endospores | thick walled structures that some bacteria produce to survive during hard times |
| Epidemic | a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time |
| Pandemic | is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide |
| Ringworm occurs from what type of pathogen? | Fungi |
| Naegleria fowlri comes fro what type of pathogen? | Protist |
| What is the smallest cell? | Bacteria |
| The common cold comes from what type of pathogen? | Virus |
| Energy | the ability to cause change |
| Work | the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance (force x distance) |
| Power | the rate at which work is done (energy/time) |
| Renewable resource | an energy resource that is replaced as fast as, or faster than, it is used |
| Nonrenewable resource | an energy source that is available in limited amounts or that is used faster than it is replaced |
| Coal | Pro: very energy rich, provides continuous power Con: coal ash (water pollution), & coal smoke contains mercury and chemicals that cause acid rain |
| Nuclear | Pro: can be used to recycle nuclear weapons Con: nonrenewable, and is a target for terrorists |
| Solar | Pro: renewable & silent Con: expensive & requires space |
| Wind | Pro: clean & rapid installation Con: unreliable & limited usability |
| Hydro | Pro: safe & reliable Con: expensive & and potential flooding |
| Natural Gas | Pro: abundant supply, very energy rich, provides continuous power Con: nonrenewable, burning coal produces carbon dioxide |
Created by:
haileyjacques23
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