Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Basecamp Cardiopulm
Review Again
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Airway Clearance Techniques | breathing strategies, manual and mechanical techniques, and postural drainage |
| Atelectasis/pneumothorax | Lung collapse |
| Active Cycle of Breathing | ACB; FKA forced expiratory technique; Phases: breathing control, thoracic expansion and forced expiratory technique |
| Hemoptysis | Coughing up blood |
| Empyema | Accumulation of pus in pleural cavity |
| Orthopnea | SOB/Dyspnea that occurs when lying flat |
| Coronary Arteries | Right Coronary, Posterior Interventricular, Anterior Interventricular, Circumflex and Left Coronary Artery |
| Coronary Veins | Small cardiac, middle cardiac, and great cardiac |
| Vessel Wall Anatomy | tunica interna, endotheliaum, subedothelial layer, elastic layer, Tunica media, elastic layer and tunica externa |
| % of blood supply that is Venous | 67%; that can distend more readily |
| Coronary Sinus | Large venous channel that collects all coronary blood and dumps it into R atrium |
| Right coronary Artery | Originates at cusp of aorta; supplies blood to ventricles, R atrium and SA node |
| Posterior Interventricular (descending) Coronary Artery | Supplies posterior third of interventricular septum |
| Anterior Interventricular (descending) Coronary Artery | Supplies blood to anterior and lateral parts of the heart, front 2/3 of the interventricular septum; 45-55% of blood to L ventricle comes from here. |
| Circumflex Coronary Artery | Branches off L Coronary Artery; supplies blood to posterior heart |
| Left Coronary Artery | supplies blood to ventricles and left atrium |
| Small Cardiac Vein | Receives blood from posterior portion of R atrium and ventricle |
| Middle Cardiac Vein | Inferior interventricular vein; ascends from the apex within posterior groove; empties into coronary sinus |
| Great Cardiac Vein | found in anterior groove and empties into sinus on posterior heart |
| MET Scale | Light <3 Moderate 3-6 Vigorous >6 |
| Hypercapnia | High levels of HCO3- (Bicarbonate) in blood; carbon disoxide poisoning; increases breath rate |
| Eucapnia | Normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| % of oxygen at Sea level | 21% |
| Typical medication for hypertension | ACE inhibitors |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | due to a loss of vasoconstriction control and reduced mm tone |
| Pulmonary Edema produces what lung sound? | Fine crackling in distal airways |
| Pneumothorax produces what lung sound? | Absent (collapsed) |
| Bronchophany - Voice Sound | Increased vocal resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken word; abnormal transmission of sound from lungs or bronchi; clearly audible "99" may indicated increased lung density |
| Egophany - Voice Sound | In creased resonance of voice sounds during lung auscultations; often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis; higher pitches are hear and lower pitches are lost; the e sound turns into an a sound |
| Whispered Pectoriloquy - Voice Sound | Increased loudness of whispering noted during lung auscultations; normally not heard with healthy lung tissue |
| Crackle - Lung Sound | Formerly Rales; abnormal, discontinuous, high pitched popping sound; heard more often during inspiration; associated with restrictive or obstructive lung disease |
| Stridor - Lung Sound | Continuous high pitched wheeze with in and ex piration; adventitious breath sound that occurs with alterations or turbulence in breath sounds |
| Pleural Friction Rub - Lung Sound | Dry, crackling sound during in and ex piration; occurs when inflamed visceral and parietal pleurae rub together |
| Rhonchi - Lung Sound | Continuous low pitch sounds like "snoring or gurgling"; Caused by air passing through an airway that is obstructed by inflammatory secretions or liquid |
| Wheeze - Lung Sound | high pitched whistling sounds associated with obstructive lung disorders; sounds are more prominent with inspiration |
| Vesicular Breath Sounds | High pitched, breezy; more distal |
| Bronchial Breath Sounds | Tubular, hollow, echoing; More proximal |
| Laminar Air Flow | Optimal air flow through the lungs; external and internal pressure equalize; not audible with a stethoscope |
| Fowler's Position | High - long sitting with hips/bedseated at 90 degrees Standard - 45-60 degrees Semi -30-45 degrees Low - 15-30 degrees |
| Benefits of Diaphragmatic Breathing | Decreased respiration, decreased use of accessory mm's of inspiration; Increase tidal volume; decrease respiratory flow; improvement of dyspnea; improve tolerance for activity |
| Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) | Attempts to strengthen diaphragm and intercostal mm's; using a device inspiraing against resistance |
| Flow Resistive Breathing | Use a resistive device to inhale from and increase difficulty by decreasing size of mouth peice |
| Paced Breathing and Exhale with Effort | Break activities into parts and take breaks between the parts; exhale during work, inhale during easier or rest portions |
| Benefits of pursed lip breathing | Decreased respiratory rate, increased tidal volume and decreased sense of dyspnea, increased intrabronchial pressure => improved gas mixture in lungs |
| Segmental Breathing - Description | AKA localized breathing or thoracic expansion exercise; Position: (sitting - basal atelectasis) side lying, affected lung superior; apply pressure in direction of rib movement w/ exhale and provides appropriate resistance to expansion during inhalation |
| Segmental Breathing - Benefits | Increase chest wall mobility; expand collapsed alveoli via airflow through collateral ventilation channels; assist with secretion removal |
| Sustained Maximal Inhalation/ Incentive Spirometry - Benefits | Absence of or improvement of atelectasis; decreased respiratory rate; resolution of fever; normal pulse rate; normal chest X ray; Improved PaO2; Increased forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow |
| A clinical sign of inspiration mm fatigue is | Reduced tidal volume; tachypnea; increased PaCO2; bradypnea and decreased minute ventilation |
| Tachypnea | A clinical sign of inspiratory mm fatigue; abnormally rapid breathing |
| Variable manipulated when using and inspiratory muscle trainer | Resistance |
| Pacing/Paced Breathing | Breaking down an activity into parts to prevent the onset of dyspnea |
| Pleuroscopy | AKA Thoracoscopy; minimally invasive; small incision is made in chest and a scope or tool is inserted to monitor or retrieve material from pleura or space |
| Cardiac Chatheterization | Used to examine cardiac function, blockage in coronary arteries, and integrity of cardiac valves; goes through femoral, radial or brachial arteries; inject radioactive dye for imaging |
| CT Scan | Computed Tomography; uses an x rya machine that rotates around pt laying on a table; creastes pictures of organ and surrounding structures |
| Venography | Radiopaque is injected into veins with an x ray to detect a clot or blockage |
| PET Scan | Positron emission tomography; radio active dye is injected into vein; imaging is done; used to check for various diseases |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging; uses magnetic feild and radio waves to create a 3D pic of heart and blood vessels and masses in mediastinum but not lungs |
| MPI | Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI); radionuclide stress test; nuclear stress test; redionuclide agent is injected at rest and maximal exercise; images are taken of heart and assessment of perfusion is made |
| Uses for carotid ultrasound | Evaluate placement of a stent and evaluate state of coronary arteries |
| Echocardiogram | Most valuable tool in determining severity of heart failure |
| Chest radiography | Chest x-ray; can reveal fluid in lungs or pleural space; pneumonia; emphysema and cancer; cannot detect detail of blood vessels |
| Phonocardiography | Plot high fidelity chart of the sounds and murmurs made by the hear |
| Angiography | A radiologic examination in which a contrast medium is injected into the blood vessel to view on imaging |
| Bronchoscopy | viewing of trachea, larynx and lower airways with a fiberoptic scope and camera |
| Thoracentesis | Aspiration of excess fluid from pleural space with a needle; a chest tube is usually used for this as well |
| Swanganz Catheterization | Pulmonary artery catheter; hemodynamic monitoring; flow directed, balloon tipped; measures pulmonary arterial pressure |
| Holter Monitor | ECG used for ambulatory ECG testing; worn for 24-48 hours of monitoring |
| Pharmocologic Stress Test | Used when exercise is contraindicated for a patient who needs cardio pulmonary evaluation |
| Contrast Dye | Type of fluid used for cardiac catheterization |
| Flouroscopy | X ray "movie" ; a continuous x ray beam is passed over the body so body part and motion can be monitored |
| Venography | Gold Standard for diagnosing Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT); invasive, painful and moderately risky; other techniques are used with higher risk patients; radiopaque dye injected into veins |
| Computed Tomography Angiogram | Used to look for a pulmonary embolism or blood clot that could become one |
| Ventilation and perfusion scans are often used to rule out | Pulmonary embolism |
| Maximal Exercise Stress Test - Relative Contraindications | Drop in SBP of 10+ without other signs of ischemia; arrythmias; fatigue, SOB, cramps, claudication, changes in cardiac function, increased angina, hypertensive response |
| Maximal Exercise Stress Test - Absolute Contraindications | SBP increase by more than 10, 3+/4 angina; increased nervous system symptoms; cyanosis; pallor; sustained ventricular tachycardia |
| Maximal Exercise Stress Test - Description | The pt is required to exercise with progressive intensity while being measured for HR, BP, ECG, PRE and other s/s; evidence toward myocardial ischemia, electrical problems and so on |
| Cause of SBP drop during increased activity | Ischemia (inadequate blood supply) |
| Overload Principle | to improve its function a tissue or organ must be exposed to a stress or load greater than it normally encounters. |
| Specificity Principle | The long term adaptations to the metabolic or physiologic systems derived from exercise are specific to the exercises performed and the muscles involved. |
| Bruce Protocol | Stress test; athlete being tested reaches exhaustion as intensity is increased (incline and/or speed) every 3 minutes for 7 levels; the length of time on the TM is the test score and can be used to estimate VO2 max; tests risk of CAD |
| Aquatic Therapy - Physio Effects | Increased venous circulation, Increased cardiac output, increased cardiac volume, decreased HR, decreased SBP, and decreased rate of oxygen uptake |
| What HR range is most appropriate for someone with MS? | 60-75%; 3x per week |
| Effect of Upper Body Exercise VS Lower Body Exercise | Upper body exercise increase HR and BP more significantly for any given workload than lower body exercise. |
| Which percentage of max HR would be most appropriate for a 72 yo pt with excellent cardiovascular health? | 70-80% |
| To avoid heat illness in heat and humidity and athlete should? | Keep target HR same with the understanding that they will reach it sooner; drink plenty of fluids, rest as needed |
| How will pulse rate change with Cardiac Arrythmia? | Becomes Irregular |
| How will pulse rate change with peripheral artery disease? | Becomes difficult to palpate; more difficulty with my distance from heart |
| Bounding HR | pulse of large amplitude |
| Point of maximal impulse | Apex of heart, in 5th intercostal space at mid-clavicular line; the contraction of the L ventricle is most pronounced |
| Best area to hear S2 heart sound | Base of heart |
| Bruit | (BROOT) loud blowing sounds due to narrowing/atherosclerosis; can be a pre cursor to aortic aneurysm |
| Sound of blood regurgitation from insufficient valve | Swishing |
| Cardiac Biomarkers | Enzymes that leak out of the cells of the heart following MI |
| Enzymes measured during cardiac enzyme study | Troponin and creatine phosphokinase |
| Lab value indications of contraindication to exercise | Hematocrit - <27%; hemoglobin - 8 g/dL or less; platelet count <50,000 mm^3; white cell count <500 mm^3 |
| Hypovolemia | Decreased level of blood volume in body; increased hematocrit, hypernatremia and protein levels |
| Hypervolemia | Increased level of blood volume in body |
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) | A calculation to standardize prothrombin time; ratio of pt prothrombin time and normal prothrombin time |
| Polycythemia | Abnormal excess of erythrocytes; increased blood viscosity; sluggish circulation; vascular system becomes severely engorged and impairs circulation |
| Hypoxemia | abnormally low concentration of O2 in blood |
| METS scale | <3 - Light - Slow walking, toileting, sitting activities, cooking 3-6 - Moderate - 3-5 mph walking, sweep/vaccuum, gardening, tennis, sex, swimming >6 - Vigorous - 4.5 mph+ on foot, shoveling, carrying lifting heavy loads, digging, backpacking, bike |
| Karvonen Formula | AKA Heart Rate Reserve (HRR); Formula to estimate target HR and METs appropriate for a pt; [(HRmax-HRrest) x %] + HRrest, take it at 40% and 85% |
| 1 MET Equivalent | sitting quietly; 3.5 mLO2/kg/min; milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute |
| METs for inpatient | Inpatient - 1-4; discharge at 3-4 |
| Tetraology of Fallot | Combination of 4 heart defects at birth; rare; requires surgeries; includes R ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect and aortic communication with both ventricles |
| Congenital Heart Defects | Atrial septal defect; ventricular septal defect (most common 25%); coarctation of the aorta; Patent ductus arteriousis; tetrallogy of fellot |
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | Myocardium becomes thickened, makes harder for blood to leave heart, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood; leading cause of sudden death in young athletes |
| Virchow's Triad | 3 main causes of DVT: impaired venous flow, endothelial injury and hypercoagulopathy |
| Which ventricle has more pressure? | Left ventricle |
| Cardiomyopathy Types and Tx | Dilated, Hypertrophic and restrictive; medications, surgically implanted devices and some times heart transplant |
| Pericarditis | Often associated with chest trauma; swelling and irritaiton of pericardium |
| Congestive Heart Failure + Pulmonary Crackles | Change or cease current activity; fluid in lungs => heart pump function not working any better |
| Myocardial injury is potentially reversible for how long? | 30 minutes; beyond that it progresses for 6-12 hours from onset |
| What condition is results from compression of the heart by fluid? | Pericarditis leads to peridcardial effusion as fluid fills sac, pressure keeps the heart pump from functioning effectively |
| Prolapsed heart valve | Usually the mitral valve (L); stiffens or thickens and does not close evenly and allows for blood regurgitation and a heart murmur |
| Acute respiratory distress Syndrome | Fatal in 25-40% of cases; fluid collects in air sacs and oxygen exchange is impeded |
| Bronchiectasis | Disease causing weakening and expansion of bronchial walls |
| Another name for Aspirin | Acetylsalicylic Acid |
| Adrenergic drugs | Work on nervous system |
| Cholenergic drugs | work on PSNS |
| Bainbridge Reflex | Mechanorceptor reflex that inhibits Parasympathetic activity resulting in increased HR |
| FEV1/FVC | Forced expiratory volume 1/forced vital capacity; volum eof air forcefully exhaled in 1 sec/volume of air that can be maximally forcefully exhaled; <80% indicates dysfunction;<70% is the primary indicator of an obstruction |
| Vital Capacity equation | inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume; IRV + TV + ERV |
| Pulmonary Capacities by % | Tidal Volume -10% Expiratory Reserve Volume - 15% Residual Volume - 25% Inspiratory Capacity - 60% Vital Capacity - 75% Total Lung Capacity - 100% |
| Total Lung Capacity equation | TLC = residual volume + vital capacity; TLC = RV + VC; 4,000-6,000 mL |
| Normal Tidal Volume (10% of TLC) | 500 mL; quiet breathing |
| Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) | Max amount of air a subject can breath in 12 sec; expressed in liters/ min |
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) | Max volume of air exhaled in a specific time, usually 1-3 sec |
| Residual Volume (RV) | Volume of air left in lungs after max exhale; 25% TLC |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | Max amount of air that can be exhaled after it has been inhaled; 75% |
| Vital Capacity equation | VC = Tidal Volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; TV + IRV + ERV |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | Amount of air that can be inhaled after max inhale; 55-60% of TLC |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) equation | FRC = ERV + RV; volume of air in lungs after normal exhale; 40% TLC |
| Intrapleural Pressure at Rest | Environmental and internal pressures are equal; environmental pressure is ~ 760 mm Hg, so intrapleural pressure is also |
| BORG | Associated with RPE scale |
| Indications for using RPE | Pacemaker; sensory deficits |
| Hypopnea | Decreased respiration rate AND decreased depth |
| Hyperpnea | Increased breath rate AND increased depth |
| Kussmauls | deep and fast breathing often associated with acidosis; "air hunger" |
| Cheynestokes | decreasing rate and depth of breath with periods of apnea |
| Eupnea | Quiet effortless breathing |
| Apnea | absence of spontaneous breathing |
| Biots | Irregular breathing; associated with increased intracranial pressure or medulla injury |
| Doorstop breathing | normal rate and rhythm with abrupt cessation when restriction occurs (pleurisy; pleuritis) |
Created by:
ashleighobrien
Popular Physical Therapy sets