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Microbiology
Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses) | Sterilization |
| Physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores Removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material | Disinfection |
| Common uses of ______ include surgical instruments, syringes, commercially packaged food | Sterilization |
| Which concepts of antimicrobial control are normally restricted to inanimate objects? | Sterilization and disinfection |
| Common uses of ______ include boiling food utensils, applying 5% bleach solution to an examining table, immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses | Disinfection |
| Cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels | Decontamination/Sanitization |
| Which concept of antimicrobial control is Important to restaurants, dairies, breweries, and other commercial entities that handle large numbers of soiled utensils/containers | Decontamination/Sanitization |
| Common uses of _____ include Cooking utensils, dishes, bottles, and cans for reuse. | Decontamination/Sanitization |
| Reduces the number of microbes on the human skin A form of decontamination but on living tissues | Antisepsis/degermation |
| Involves scrubbing the skin (mechanical friction) or immersing it in chemicals (or both) | Antisepsis/degermation |
| Heat (autoclave) Sterilants (chemical agents capable of destroying endospores) are examples of agents for ___________ | Sterilization |
| Bleach Iodine Heat (boiling) are examples of agents for ____________ | Disinfection |
| Soaps Detergents Commercial dishwashers are examples of agents for ___________ | Decontamination/sanitization |
| Alcohol Surgical hand scrubs are examples of agents for _________ | Antisepsis/degermation |
| The destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects. | Disinfection |
| The complete removal of destructions of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects. | Sterilization |
| Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. | Antisepsis/degermation |
| The mechanical removal of most microbes. | Decontamination/sanitization |
| _______ are extraordinarily resistant to heat and chemicals. | Prions |
| If objects become contaminated with _____, they must either be discarded as biohazards or, if this is not possible, a combination of chemicals and heat must be applied in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. | Prions |
| _______ _______ of microbial control are microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage in the environment or on the human body. | Primary targets |
| The targeted population of contains mixtures of microbes with extreme differences in _______ and _________ | resistance and harmfulness |
| _______ _________ have traditionally been considered the most resistant microbial entities. | Bacterial endospores |
| The goal of any sterilization process is the destruction of ______ _________ | Bacterial endospores |
| Any process that kills ________ will invariably kill all less resistant microbial forms. | endospores |
| The root -_______, meaning “having the capacity to kill,” can be combined with other terms to define an antimicrobial agent aimed at destroying a certain group of microorganisms. | -cide |
| a _________ is a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage. It may or may not be effective on other microbial groups. | bactericide |
| A ___________ is a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts. | fungicide |
| A ________ is any chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue. | varucide |
| A ___________ is an agent capable of destroying bacterial endospores. | sporicide |
| A _________ agent can also be a sterilant because it can destroy the most resistant of all microbes. | sporicidal |
| ________ is defined as the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues. | Sepsis |
| The term _________ refers to any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection. | Asepsis |
| __________ are applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. | Antiseptics |
| Examples of ___________ include preparing the skin before surgical incisions with iodine compounds, swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide, and ordinary hand washing with a germicidal soap. | Antisepsis |
| The Greek words stasis and static mean | To stand still |
| __________ can be used in combination with various prefixes to denote a condition in which microbes are temporarily prevented from multiplying but are not killed outright. | stasis and static |
| __________ agents prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment | Bacteriostatic |
| ___________ chemicals inhibit fungal growth. | fungistatic |
| Materials used to control microorganisms in the body (antiseptics and drugs) often have ___________ effects because many microbicidal compounds can be highly toxic to human cells. | microbiostatic |
| A -cidal agent doesn't necessarily result in ___________, depending on how it is used. | sterilization |
| _________ medical devices are those that are expected to come into contact with sterile tissues, a syringe needle or an artificial hip. | Critical |
| _____________ devices are those that come into contact with mucosal membranes, such as an endoscopy tube. | Semicritical |
| Noncritical items are those that do not touch the patient or are only expected to touch intact skin, such as blood pressure cuffs or crutches. | Noncritical |
| Durable solids to sensitive liquids, situations requiring sterilization confront persons involved in health care are substances that require ___________ | Sterilization |
| Cost, effectiveness, and method of disposal are all considerations for _________ | Sterilization |
| __________ is permanent termination of an organism's vital processes | Death |
| Microbes have no conspicuous vital processes, therefore _______ is difficult to determine. | Death |
| Permanent loss of ____________ capability, even under optimum growth conditions has become the accepted microbiological definition of death. | reproductive |
| ________ of the whole population is not instantaneous | Death |
| Death of the whole population begins when a certain threshold of ________ agent is met. | microbicidal |
| Death continues in a _________ manner as the time or concentration is increased. | logarithmic |
| Active cells tend to die more _______ than less metabolically active cells | quickly |
| Eventually, a point is reached at which survival of any cells is highly ________; this point is equivalent to _________ | unlikely, sterilization |
| A higher load of contaminants takes ______ to destroy | longer |
| ___________ __________ is usually a mixture of bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses. | Target population |
| Temperature and ____ of the environment are factors affecting the death rate. | pH |
| UV radiation is most effective at _______ nm | 260 |
| Most disinfectants are more active at __________ concentrations. | higher |
| The mode of _______ of the agent is a factor affecting death. | action |
| _________, ________, and ______ can inhibit the action of disinfectants and even the action of heat. | saliva, blood, and feces |
| ________ selective agents tend to be effective against the widest range of microbes (heat and radiation). | Least |
| __________ agents target only a single cellular component (drugs). | agents |
| The cell wall, cell membrane, cellular synthetic processes, and proteins are all considered to be cellular _______ of physical and chemical agents. | targets |
| ____________ effects on the cell wall block its synthesis, digest it, break down its surface, and the cell becomes fragile and is lysed easily. | Antimicrobial |
| Which microorganisms have a cell membrane? | They all do |
| If the cell membrane is disrupted, the cell loses the ability to be ________ ________ | selectively permeable |
| __________ disrupt cell membranes | Detergents (surfactants) |
| Which level of protein or nucleic acid synthesis can be affected? | Replication, transcription, and/or translation |
| Some agents might bind to _________ to stop translation | ribosomes |
| Some agents bind irreversibly to _______ preventing transcription and translation | DNA |
| Agents that can damage the cell wall include ________, _________, and ______ | chemicals, detergents, and alcohol |
| Agents that can damage the cytoplasmic membrane include _________ | Detergents |
| Agents that can interrupt cellular synthesis include _________, ________, and ________ ________ | Formaldehyde, radiation, and ethylene oxide |
| Agents that can denature proteins include __________ __________, ____________, and _________ | Moist heat, alcohol, and phenolics |
| Chemical agents can damage the cell wall through which two methods? | blocking its synthesis or digesting the cell wall |
| Chemical agents can physically bind to the lipid layer of the _________ ________, opening up the membrane and allowing injurious chemicals to enter the cell and important ions to exit the cell. | cytoplasmic membrane |
| Chemical agents can interrupt the ________ of proteins as well as change ________ _________. | synthesis, genetic code |
| The use of iodine compounds to prepare the skin for surgery is known as A. disinfection. B. antisepsis. C. sterilization. D. sanitization. E. degermation. | A. disinfection |
| Elevated temperatures are __________ | microbicidal |
| Lower temperatures are __________ | microbistatic |
| ________ heat is hot water, boiling water, or steam between 60°C and135°C | moist |
| ________ heat is hot air or an open flame, which ranges from 160°C to thousands of degrees Celsius | dry |
| Heat is a method of physical _________ | control |
| ________ heat operates at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times to achieve the same effectiveness as dry heat | Moist |
| Moist heat's microbicidal effect is the ___________ and _________ of proteins | coagulation and denaturation |
| ________ heat dehydrates the cell, removing water necessary for metabolic reactions | dry |
| Bacterial ________ exhibit great, varying, resistance and destruction usually requires temperatures above boiling. | Endospores |
| _______ cells vary in their sensitivity to heat and death times vary from 50°C for 3 minutes to 60°C for 60 minutes | Vegetative |
| Fungi, protozoa, and ________ are similar in their sensitivity to heat. | worms |
| _______ have a heat tolerance that extends from 55°C for 2 – 5 minutes to 60°C for 600 minutes. | viruses |
| _______ ________ _________ is the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature | Thermal death time (TDT) |
| _______ ___________ _________ is the the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes | Thermal death point |
| _______ ______ disinfection is useful in the home for disinfection of water, materials for babies, food and utensils, bedding, and clothing from the sickroom | boiling water |
| ___________ is a technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid’s flavor and food value. | Pasteurization |
Created by:
bethany.metzger