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Microbiology Ch 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The human immune system is powerful and intricate, having the potential to cause __________ and _______. | injury and disease |
| Abnormal or undesirable ________ functions can result in asthma, anaphylaxis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and graft rejection. | immune |
| __________ is the study of disease associated with the overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response | immunopathology |
| In ____________ such as allergy and autoimmune diseases occur when tissues are attacked by immunologic functions that can’t distinguish between self and nonself. | Hypersensitivity |
| _______________ occurs when immune system is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed | hyposensitivity |
| The terms hyposensitivity and _____________ are interchangeable. | immunodeficiency |
| An example of type 1 of hypersensitivity would include ______ _________ | hay fever |
| An example of type 2 of hypersensitivity would include _______ __________ __________ | blood type incompatibilities |
| An example of type 3 of hypersensitivity might include _______ __________ or ______ ___________ | rheumatoid arthritis or serum sickness |
| An example of type 4 of hypersensitivity might include __________ __________ or ______ ________ | contact dermatitis or graft rejection |
| Which of the following is not a result of an abnormal or undesirable immune function? A. Asthma B. Anaphylaxis C. Contact dermatitis D. Fever E. Lupus | D. Fever |
| An _______ is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation | allergy |
| __________ is caused by delayed reactions | hypersensitivity |
| __________ are innocuous substances that induce allergy in sensitive individuals | allergens |
| ________ is chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma | Atopy |
| ________ is a systemic, sometimes fatal reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse | Anaphylaxis |
| Atopy and Anaphylaxis are reactions to type _____ to hypersensitivity | 1 |
| Allergists estimate that ____-______% of the population is prone to atopic allergy. | 10-30% |
| Type 1 allergies are relatively ______ | mild |
| __________ and ___________ may require hospitalization and can cause death. | asthma and anaphylaxis |
| Some __________ last for a lifetime, some are “outgrown,” others develop later in life. | allergies |
| Generalized susceptibility to allergens is ___________, not the allergy to a specific substance. | inherited |
| Genetic basis for ________ include increased IgE production, increased reactivity of mast cells, and increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators | atopy |
| The prospect of a child’s developing atopic allergy is ____% if parents are afflicted and ____% if siblings or grandparents are afflicted. | 25%, 50% |
| The industrialized world has created a __________ environment | hygienic |
| Immune systems need to be “trained” by interaction with _________ as they develop. | microbes |
| It has been shown that children who grow up on _______ have lower incidences of several types of allergies. | farms |
| Delivery by caesarian section and maternal history of allergy elevates childhood risk of allergy by a factor of ________. | eight |
| Newborns breastfed for the first 4 months have a lower risk of ________ and _________. | asthma and eczema |
| Cytokines and growth factors in human milk act on the baby’s gut ________ to induce tolerance to antigens. | mucosa |
| _______ species of bacteria can be transferred to infants through breast milk. | 600 |
| Allergens have certain ________ characteristics | immunogenic |
| _______ are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids | Proteins |
| ________ in allergens are nonproteinaceous substances with a molecular weight of less than 1,000 that can form complexes with carrier molecules in the body | Haptens |
| Organic and inorganic __________ found in industrial and household products, cosmetics, food, and drugs are haptens. | chemicals |
| ________ of the gut and respiratory tract is a thin, moist surface that is normally quite penetrable, making it a portal of entry for allergens | mucosa |
| ________ can be a portal of entry for allergens through tiny breaks, glands, and hair follicles. | Skin |
| Dry, tough keratin generally makes skin (more/less) permeable | less |
| ________ include airborne environmental allergens such as pollen, house dust, dander, or fungal spores | inhalants |
| _______ are allergens that enter by mouth that cause food allergies | ingestants |
| _________ are allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee) venom | Injectant |
| _______ are allergies that enter through the skin | Contactants |
| Many are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities are _________ | contactants |
| Dust mites and pollen are examples of _______ | inhalants |
| Red dye, strawberries, peanuts, and shrimp are all examples of ______ | ingestants |
| Bees and penicillin are examples of _______ | injectants |
| Detergent, latex gloves, lotions are examples of ______ | contactants |
| _______ _________ are located in all connective tissues, but in particularly high concentrations in the lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. | Mast cells |
| Each _____ _______ carries 30,000 to 100,000 cell receptors that bind IgE and degranulate, releasing inflammatory cytokines. | Mast cell |
| Symptoms of allergy are caused by the _____________ effects of mast-cell-derived allergic mediators on target organs. | physiological |
| _______ is the most profuse and fast-acting allergic mediator | Histamine |
| Histamine constricts ______ _______ in the small bronchi and intestine, causing labored breathing and intestinal motility | smooth muscle |
| Histamine relaxes _______ ______ _______ and dilates arterioles and venules, resulting in wheal-and-flare reactions in the skin | vascular smooth muscle |
| Histamine stimulates __________ to release inflammatory cytokines, escalating symptoms | eosinophils |
| ________ causes prolonged smooth muscle contraction of the bronchioles | bradykinin |
| Bradykinin dilates _________ __________ | peripheral arterioles |
| Bradykinin increases capillary _________ | permeability |
| Bradykinin increases _________ secretion | mucus |
| Effects of ________ appear to complement those of histamine and bradykinin | serotonin |
| ________ is a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis | Leukotriene |
| Leukotriene induces gradual ________ of smooth muscle | contraction |
| Leukotriene prolongs _________ | bronchospasm |
| ________ causes vascular permeability | Leukotriene |
| __________ can cause mucus secretion | leukotriene |
| Leukotriene stimulates polymorphonuclear __________ | leukocytes |
| ________ regulate smooth muscle contraction and stimulate uterine contractions during delivery | prostaglandins |
| _______ cause vasodilation | prostaglandins |
| Prostaglandins can cause increased ________ permeability | vascular |
| ________ can cause increased sensitivity to pain | prostaglandins |
| Prostaglandins can cause ___________ | Bronchoconstriction |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent the actions of ___________. | prostaglandins |
| ______ ________ is a generic term for allergic rhinitis | Hay fever |
| Hay fever is a seasonal reaction to inhaled _______ _______ or _______ | plant pollen or molds |
| Hay fever is a year-round reaction to ______ ________ or ________ | airborne allergins or inhalants |
| Hay fever targets ________ _________ | respiratory membranes |
| Symptoms of ______ ______ include nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, profuse mucus secretion, itchy, red, and teary eyes, mild bronchoconstriction | hay fever |
| ________ is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction | Asthma |
| Airways of asthmatics are extremely sensitive to (minute/excessive) amounts of inhalants, ingestants, or other stimuli and are chronically inflamed. | minute |
| Symptoms of _______ range from labored breathing to fatal suffocation | asthma |
| With ________ clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs (rales) occurs | asthma |
| With asthma lungs are overreactive to ____________ and ___________. | leukotrienes and serotonin. |
| With asthma _______ _______ are also recruited and activated. | Natural killer |
| _________ _________/________ is an intensely itchy inflammatory condition of the skin | Atopic dermatitis/eczema |
| _________ _________/________ occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact with allergens. | Atopic dermatitis/eczema |
| Which atopic disease usually begins in infancy and is characterized by reddened, weeping, encrusted skin lesions on the face, scalp, neck, and inner surfaces of limbs and trunk? | Atopic dermatitis/eczema |
| Atopic dermatitis/eczema progresses to a Progresses to a dry, scaly, thickened _______ condition in adults | skin |
| Atopic dermatitis/eczema lesions are itchy, painful, and predisposed to __________ bacterial infections. | secondary |
| Most common _______ allergens come from peanuts, fish, cow’s milk, eggs, shellfish, and soybeans. | food |
| Food allergen's mode of entry is _________ | intestinal |
| Symptoms of a ______ _______ include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and can include hives, rhinitis, asthma, and occasionally anaphylaxis. | food allergies |
| Hypersensitivity to food allergies involves IgE and ___________ of mast cells, but not all reactions involve this mechanism. | degranulation |
| Food allergy care should be taken vaccinating individuals with ________ allergies. | egg |
| ________ are foreign compounds capable of stimulating allergic reactions. | Drugs |
| Drug allergy is one of the most common side effects of treatment, affecting _____-_______% of hospitalized patients. | 5-10% |
| ______ ______ reactions range from a mild rash to fatal anaphylaxis. | Drug allergy |
| The drug allergen is not the intact drug itself, but a _______ given off when the liver processes the drug. | hapten |
| Compounds that might cause ______ allergies include Antibiotics: penicillin, Synthetic antimicrobials: sulfa drugs, Aspirin, Opiates, Contrast dye used in X rays | drug |
| __________ __________ is wheal-and-flare inflammatory reaction to the local injection of allergen | Cutaneous anaphylaxis |
| _______ ______ is characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes due to airway blockage | Systemic anaphylaxis |
| ____________ can result of the sudden, massive release of chemicals into the tissues and blood, which act rapidly on target organs | Anaphylaxis |
| ___________ ________ measures levels of IgE to specific antigens | Radioallergosorbent (RAST) test |
| ________ ________ measures tryptase, an enzyme released by mast cells that increases during an allergic response | Tryptase test |
| ___________ blood cell count can reveal high levels of basophils and eosinophils. | Differential |
| ________ ________-____________ __________ measures the amount of histamine released from the patient’s basophils when exposed to a specific allergen. | Leukocyte histamine-release test |
| _________ _______ is and in vivo method to detect precise atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities | Skin testing |
| In skin testing, skin is injected, scratched, or pricked with a small amount of ______ ________ _______ . | pure allergen extract |
| In skin testing _____ minutes after antigenic challenge, a wheal and flare result shows sensitivity. | 20 |
| In skin testing, the diameter of the wheal is measured and rated on a scale from ___ (no reaction) to ____ (greater than 15 mm). | 0 (no reaction) to 4 (greater than 15 mm). |
| In order to treat an allergy, one might ____ the allergen, although this may be difficult in many instances. | avoid |
| In order to treat or prevent an allergy, one might take ______ that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical mediators. | drugs |
| In order to treat or prevent an allergy, one might use _________ that short-circuit the allergic reaction. | injections |
| _____________ inhibit the activity of lymphocytes and reduce the production of IgE | Corticosteroids |
| Corticosteroids have (normal/dangerous) side effects and (should/should not) be taken for long periods of time. | dangerous, should not |
| Some drugs block the degranulation of mast cells and _________ the levels of inflammatory cytokines. | reduce |
| Some drugs block synthesis of __________. | leukotriene |
| _________ is a monoclonal antibody that inactivates IgE | Omalizumab (Xolair) |
| _______________ are the most widely used medications for preventing symptoms of atopic allergy | Antihistamines |
| Antihistamines bind to __________ receptors on target organs | histamine |
| _________ and acetaminophen reduce pain by interfering with prostaglandins | aspirin |
| __________ is a bronchodilator that reverses spasms in respiratory smooth muscles | Theophylline |
| _____________ reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators | Epinephrine |
| one hypothesis is that _________ allergens stimulate formation of these allergen-specific IgG antibodies | injected |
| One hypothesis is that injected allergens delivered with _____ itself, taking it out of circulation | IgE |
| _________ allergy vaccines are allergy shots that contain an innocuous molecule that resembles a bacterium. | Decoy |
| ________ allergy vaccines engages components of the immune system that are active in allergy, causing them to stop reacting inappropriately to specific allergens. | decoy |
| A decoy vaccine has been developed to aid those suffering from ______ allergies. | cat |
| ___________ are molecules that differ in the same species that are recognized by the lymphocytes of the recipient | Alloantigens |
| Alloantigen is not an immune ____________; the immune system is functioning normally by reacting to foreign cells in an organ or tissue transplant | dysfunction |
| Rh+ is a _________ gene | dominant |
| Rh- is a ________ gene | recessive |
| The only way to develop antibodies against the Rh factor is through placental sensitization or ___________. | transfusion |
| _________ ____________ occurs when the mother is Rh- and the unborn child is Rh+: | placental sensitization |
| Fetal RBCs may leak into the mother’s circulation during childbirth when the __________ detaches. | placenta |
| The mother’s immune system detects foreign Rh factors on fetal RBCs and is sensitized to them by producing _________ and ___________ B cells. | antibodies and memory B cells |
| Rh incompatibility (does/does not) affect the child. | does not because the process occurs so late in pregnancy |
| Once sensitization has occurred, all other Rh+ fetuses will be at risk of what disease? | hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) |
| If both the father and the mother are Rh-, there (is/is no) risk. | is no |
| If the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, there (is/is not) a chance that the fetus will be Rh+ | is |
| ___________ antiserum is passive immunization for an Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus | RhoGAM |
| RhoGAM antiserum is injected at ____-______ weeks and again immediately after delivery | 28-32 weeks |
| RhoGAM antiserum is ___________ fraction of human anti-Rh serum prepared from pooled human sera | Immunoglobulin |
| RhoGAM antiserum Sequesters fetal RBCs that have escaped into maternal circulation and prevents __________ | sensitization |
| Does RhoGAM antiserum have to be given with each pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus? | yes |
| When is the RhoGAM shot needed? A. Rh+ mother, Rh+ fetus B. Rh+ mother, Rh- fetus C. Rh- mother, Rh- fetus D. Rh- mother, Rh+ fetus E. All of the choices are correct. | D. Rh- mother, Rh+ fetus |
| Type ____ hypersensitivities or Immune Complex Reactions involve the production of IgG and IgM antibodies | 3 |
| Typer 3 Hypersensitivities involve the activation of ___________ | complement |
| In type 3 hypersensitivities, antigens (are/are not) attached to the cell | are not |
| ___________ ______________ ____________ produces free floating complexes that are deposited into tissues | Immune complex reaction |
| Large quantities of antibodies are produced in response to an exposure to a profuse amount of __________. | antigen |
| upon ________ exposure, antigen-antibody complexes are formed. These recruit complement and neutrophils that would normally eliminate these complexes. | second |
| In immune complex disease, antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of __________ tissues | epithelial |
| _________ release lysosomal granules that digest tissues and cause a destructive inflammatory condition. | Neutrophils |
| _________ reaction and ________ sickness are immune complex diseases that are associated with certain types of passive immunization. | Arthus, serum |
| ________ ___________ ________ are similar to anaphylaxis in that all require sensitization and preformed antibodies | Immune complex diseases |
| Immune complex diseases are different from anaphylaxis in that they depend on IgG, IgM, or IgA rather than ____ | IgE |
| Immune complex diseases are different from anaphylaxis in that they require large doses of _______ | antigen |
| Immune complex diseases are different from anaphylaxis in that the symptoms are delayed ______ to ______ | hours to days |
| The _______ reaction is localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels | Arthus |
| The Arthus Reaction is usually an (acute/chronic) reaction to a second injection of vaccines (boosters) or drugs at the same site as the first injection: | acute |
| With the ________ reaction, the infected area becomes red, hot to the touch, swollen, and painful | Arthus |
| The Arthus Reaction symptoms are due to the destruction of tissues in and around _______ ___________, and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. | blood vessels |
| The Arthus Reaction is _______-_______ and usually rapidly cleared, but occasionally intravascular blood clotting, necrosis, and loss of tissue can occur. | self-limiting |
| ___________ ___________ is a systemic injury initiated by antigen-antibody complexes that circulate in the blood and settle into membranes at various sites: | Serum sickness |
| _______ _________ effects kidney, heart, skin, and joints | Serum sickness |
| Serum sickness can become ______ causing enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, painful joints, swelling, fever, and renal dysfunction. | chronic |
| Type ___ hypersensitivities involves primarily the T-cell branch of the immune system. | 4 |
| Type 4 hypersensitivities results when T cells respond to antigens displayed on _______ _________ or transplanted foreign cells | self tissues |
| Type 4 hypersensitivities are traditionally known as “__________ hypersensitivity”: | delayed |
| Symptoms of Type 4 hypersensitivity arise ______ to _________ days following the second contact with antigen. | one to several |
| ____________ reactions is an acute skin inflammation at the injection site following an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. | Tuberculin |
| In a ________ _________, TH1 cells release cytokines and recruit macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils to the site, causing a red bump. | Tuberculin reaction |
| _________ ________ is caused by exposure to resins in poison ivy and poison oak, haptens in household and personal articles, and drugs | Contact Dermatitis |
| Contact dermatitis requires a sensitizing dose followed by a ________ dose. | provocative |
| In contact dermatitis, allergen penetrates the ________ _________ | outer skin |
| In Contact Dermatitis, the allergen is processed by skin dendritic cells and presented to ____ ________ | T cells |
| In Contact Dermatitis, cells release enzymes and cytokines that damage the _________ and vicinity. | epidermis |
| The bulk of the damage that occurs in _______ ________ are attributed to cytotoxic T-cell action. | graft rejections |
| ______ or _______ class I and II markers are extremely important for recognizing self. | MHC or HLA |
| When a donor tissue (graft) displays surface molecules of a different MHC class, the T cells of the recipient will react to it as a ___________ substance. | foreign |
| Cytotoxic T cells of a host recognize foreign class I _____ markers. | MHC |
| Helper and cytotoxic T cells bind to the grafted tissue and secrete lymphokines that begin the rejection process within ____ weeks of transplantation. | 2 |
| In host rejections of a graft, ________ are formed against the transplanted tissue and contribute to damage. | Antibodies |
| The result of host rejection of a graft is destruction of the _______ _______ and death of the graft. | vascular supply |
| Some grafted tissues (bone marrow) contain indigenous populations of passenger ___________. | lymphocytes |
| Passenger lymphocytes can create an _________ response to the host. | immune |
| Graft attacks any host tissue bearing ______ markers | MHC |
| Effects of Graft rejections are _______ and _______ | systemic and toxic |
| An ________ is a tissue transplanted from one site on an individual’s body to another site | Autograft |
| An _______ is tissue from an identical twin is used | Isograft |
| An ____________ is exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species; the most common types of grafts | allograft |
| A _____________ is a tissue exchange between individuals of a different species | Xenograft |
| Transplant organs from _______ _______ can include kidney, skin, bone marrow, and liver | live donors |
| Transplant organs from _________ can include heart, kidney, and cornea | Cadavers |
| Transplant organs from __________ ________ can include stem cells. | Fetal tissue |
| ___________ _________ transplantations is used in individuals with immune deficiencies, aplastic anemia, leukemia, and other cancers | Bone marrow transplantation |
| In bone marrow transplantations, the patient is treated with ____________ and whole-body irradiation to destroy their own blood cells, preventing rejection. | chemotherapy |
| _______ ________ donor marrow is infused. | Closely matched |
| After transplantation, a recipient’s blood type (may, may not) change to the blood type of the donor. | may |
| ____________ diseases are when individuals actually develop hypersensitivity to themselves | Autoimmune |
| _________ autoimmune disease involves several major organs | systemic |
| _____ ________ autoimmune disease involves only one organ or tissue | organ specific |
| Autoimmune cases cluster in families, and even unaffected members tend to develop __________________ for the disease. | autoantibodies |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are more common in persons with ____-______ HLA type. | B-27 |
| __-____________ inactivation in females may also play a role in autoimmunity. | X-chromosome |
| Microbial antigens bearing molecular determinants similar to human cells induce the formation of ______________. | autoantibodies |
| ________ _________ ____________ patients develop autoantibodies against organs, tissues, or intracellular materials. | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) |
| Viral infection and loss of normal immune response suppression are suspected as causes of ___________ _________ ____________ | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) |
| __________ __________ causes progressive, debilitating damage to the joints and at times to the lungs, eyes, skin, and nervous system | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| In Rheumatoid arthritis, autoantibodies form immune complexes that bind to the ___________ ___________ of joints, activating cytokine release by macrophages. | synovial membrane |
| In rheumatoid artritis (chronic/acute) inflammation develops, leading to scar tissue and joint destruction. | chronic |
| In rheumatoid arthrits, Cytokines trigger additional type _____ delayed hypersensitivity responses. | 4 |
| Epstein-Barr virus has been implicated as a precipitating cause of _________ _________ | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| ____________ disease is the attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the thyroid gland | Graves' |
| In _________ disease, abnormal stimulation of these cells causes over- production of the thyroid hormone and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. | Graves' |
| In ________ _______ ___________, molecular mimicry has been implicated in sensitization of cytotoxic T cells to attack and lyse insulin-producing beta cells. | Type 1 diabetes |
| A recent study showed permanent reversal of type 1 diabetes by re-infusion of stem cells after complete ____________ ________________. | immune suppression |
| ______________ ___________ occurs when autoantibodies bind to receptors for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for muscle stimulation. | Myasthenia gravis |
| ________ __________ first effects are felt in the muscles of the eyes and throat, but eventually progresses to complete loss of skeletal muscle function and death. | Myasthenia gravis |
| Current treatment of Myasthenia gravis includes __________________ drugs and therapy to remove autoantibodies from circulation. | immunosuppressive drugs |
| ________ __________ is a paralyzing neuromuscular disease associated with lesions on the myelin sheath of nerves and white matter of the nervous system. | Multiple sclerosis |
| In Multiple Sclerosis, __ _____ and autoantibody-induced damage compromises the capacity of neurons to send impulses. | T cell |
| Symptoms of ________ _________ include muscle weakness, tremors, difficulties in speech and vision, and paralysis. | Multiple sclerosis |
| Treatment of Multiple sclerosis include immunosuppressants and ________ _________ | interferon beta |
| Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies are __________, overwhelming infections with opportunistic microbes. | recurrent |
| __________ immunodeficiencies are present at birth (congenital), usually stemming from genetic errors | primary |
| __________ immunodeficiencies are acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents | secondary |
| Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases are due to an ____________ abnormality | inherited |
| In some primary immunodeficiency diseases, the ___________ are absent, or present at low levels. | lymphocytes |
| In some primary immunodeficiency diseases, the lymphocytes are present, but do not __________ __________. | function normally |
| In some primary immunodeficiency diseases, an individual can lack either ___ or ____ cells, or both | B or T |
| Genetic deficiencies in B cells usually result in abnormal _____________ expression | immunoglobulin (Ig) |
| ___________________________ is the absence of gamma globulin; it is very rare for Ig to be completely absent. | Agammaglobulinemia |
| _________________________ is abnormally low levels of gamma globulin | Hypogammaglobulinemia |
| Symptoms of include Recurrent, serious bacterial infections | hypogammaglobulinemia |
| The most common infection sites for ________________ lungs, sinuses, meninges, and blood | hypogammaglobulinemia |
| Current treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia is passive ______________ with immune serum globulin and continuous antibiotic therapy. | immunotherapy |
| Lack of a particular class of immunoglobulin is a (common/rare) condition | common |
| _____ is the the most prevalent form of a lack of a particular class of immunoglobulin | IgA |
| Those suffering from a a lack of a particular class of immunoglobulin have (normal/abnormal) quantities of B cells and other immunoglobulins. | normal |
| Those suffering from a a lack of a particular class of immunoglobulin ______ protection against local microbial invasion of mucous membranes, suffer recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. | lack |
| Usual treatments of a lack of a particular class of immunoglobulin do not work because passive antibody therapy is high in _____, not IgA. | IgG |
| Defects in T-cell development result in a (small/broad) spectrum of diseases | broad |
| Defects in T-cell development are more than B-cell deficiencies, because T _________ cells are required to assist in most specific immune functions | helper |
| __________ ___________ is a congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland | DiGeorge syndrome or thymic aplasia |
| Individuals suffering from _________ ________ have a high susceptibility to infections by fungi, protozoa, and viruses | DiGeorge syndrome |
| In DiGeorge syndrome, reduced antibody production allows for transplantation of _________ tissue. | thymic |
| ________ _________ Immunodeficiencies is the most serious form of immunodeficiency | Sever combined Immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) |
| Infants with SCID usually develop candidiasis, sepsis, pneumonia, or systemic viral infections within ________ after birth. | days |
| Some SCIDs are due to the lack of ___________ stem cells in the bone marrow | lymphocyte |
| Some SCIDs are due to _____________ of B and T cells later in development | dysfunction |
| Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia and thymic alymphoplasia are the two most common forms of _____________ | SCIDs |
| ___________ ___________ ___________ occurs when lymphocytes develop but a metabolic product builds up and selectively destroys them | Adenosine deaminase deficiency |
| SCID children require rigorous _________ techniques to protect them from opportunistic infections | aseptic |
| The only serious option for longtime survival of a SCIDs patient is total replacement or correction of ___________ cells | lymphoid |
| ___________ with SCIDs can benefit from fetal liver or stem cell grafts | Infants |
| X-linked and ADA types of SCID can be treated with _________ _________ | gene therapy |
| _______ _________ is the insertion of normal genes to replace the defective genes | gene therapy |
| _____________ Immunodeficiency Diseases can be caused by Infection, Organic disease, Chemotherapy, or Radiation. | Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases |
| The most recognized infection-induced immunodeficiency is _____ | AIDS |
| With _________ T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells infected by HIV | AIDS |
| ____________ that target the bone marrow can be responsible for malfunction of humoral and cellular immunity | Cancers |
| With ____________ cancer cells outnumber normal cells, displacing them from bone marrow and blood | Leukemia |
| __________ __________ __________ produce large amounts of nonfunctional antibodies | Plasma cell tumors |
| _________ _________ _________ cause severe T-cell deficiencies | Thymus gland tumors |
Created by:
bethany.metzger