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Renal & Urinary

QuestionAnswer
Perirenal fat renal fat oad around kidney
renal fascia CT around perirenal
Renal capsule Tough, thin CT full of nociceptors (pain receptors) to detect stretching caused by swelling
Hilum Hilum
Renal cortex Outer layer of kidney
Outer layer of kidney Outer layer of kidney
Renal columns Projections of the cortex down into the medulla that divide pyramids
Renal papilla is the point of each pyramid facing the hilum
Renal pyramids Cone-shaped of medulla, 5-11 per kidney Contain the tubules transport urine out cortex
Minor calyx Collecting cup of renal papilla (point of pyramid)
Major calyx 3 minor calyces merge to form 1 major calyx minor calyces merge to form one major calyx
Renal pelvis Inner area of the kidney
Ureter Continuation of renal pelvis; tube-like structure for urine to bladder
Renal artery Renal artery
Segmental arteries Smaller and smaller divisions of renal artery, each to its own segment
Interlobar arteries Pass through renal columns and extend out into renal cortex
Renal arterioles Afferent arterioles bring blood to glomerulus; efferent arterioles take away
Afferent arterioles bring blood to glomerulus; efferent arterioles take away Venules to veins to single renal vein to vena cava
Afferent arteriole Supplies blood to one nephron
Glomerulus Cluster of arterioles enclosed by Bowman’s capsule
Efferent arteriole Blood leaves glomerulus via efferent
peritublar capillaries Efferent arteriole leads to network of capillaries around tubules that reabsorb water and ions
peritublar capillaries blood flows from peritubular capillaries into larger and larger veins
Nephron: Renal tubule + associated vascular system Functional filtration units of the renal system (~1 million ea) Each nephron begins in cortex, dips into medulla, returns to cortex
Afferent arteriole One supplies each nephron; ends as a glomerulus
Glomerulus Beginning of renal tubule presents blood from renal artery to be cleaned by the kidney
Glomerulus Cluster of capillaries inside a 2-layered capsule
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule 2-layered capsule in cortex of kidney
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule 3 parts Outer parietal layer, Inner visceral layer, Capsular space
Outer parietal layer made of squamous cells
Inner visceral layer made of specialized cells called podocytes
Capsular space space space between the two layers = most important!
Renal corpuscle Combination of glomerulus + glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Extension of Bowman’s capsule, coiled to be compact in cortex
Loop of Henle From PCT, dips down (‘loops down’) into medulla
Loop of Henle _________ is reabsorbed from descending part of loop water
Loop of Henle __________ and __________ reabsorbed from ascending part of loop Sodium, chloride
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Final rise and coil back into cortex before draining into collecting duct
Nephron is the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and capsule) + renal tubules (PCT, Loop, and DCT)
Begin with blood coming in through __________, circulating through __________, and exiting through_____________. afferent arteriole, glomerulus capillaries, efferent arteriole
Renal Innervation Nerves enter kidney at hilum along with blood vessels
Renal Innervation mainly sympathetic fibers
Renal Innervation Control ___________ and _____________(diameter) of afferent and efferent arterioles vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Renal Innervation Diameter controls rate of urine formation
Renal Innervation if BP drops nerves stimulate release of renin (RAS)
3 Phases of Urine Collection Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) amlount of fluid ultimately filtered by both kidneys;
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) how much is reabsorbed 99%
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) how much is excreted as urine 1-2 liters
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) filtration coefficient is high due to high pressure in glomerulus
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration Afferent arteriole brings first blood to glomerulus
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration Afferent arteriole Much larger than efferent so much faster, higher pressure
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration Filters through fenestrations of capillary walls into Bowman’s capsule, letting all through except RBCs
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration filter capillaries are dotted with pores; water and small solutes (electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogen) escape through pores into Bowman’s capsular space
Step 1: Glomerular Filtration Filtrate flows into proximal collecting tubule (PCT)
Proteinuria damaged endothelium of glomerulus allows plasma proteins of blood to escape into capsular space, showing up as protein in urine.
The Ultrafiltration Barrier Endothelium of capillary Has pores called fenestrations, Lets most things through except RBCs
The Ultrafiltration Barrier Basement membrane of capillary Prevents escape/filtration of large proteins
The Ultrafiltration Barrier Podocytes Feet called pedicles that interdigitate and surround the capillary Form filtration slits
Afferent arteriole becomes a capillary with a fenestrated endothelium inside the glomerulus.
The Ultrafiltration Barrier 3 steps Endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes
Step 2: Reabsorption is the movement of fluid out of the tubules, across the interstitial fluid, and then into the blood capillaries surrounding the nephron tubules
Step 2: Reabsorption Filtrate at Bowman’s contains water, glucose, amino acids, and ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, bicarbonate) and waste products creatinine and urea
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Glucose and amino acids leave PCT, return to blood
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) - PCT Water and NaCl, K+ and bicarbonate, and half the urea all returns to blood
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Loop of Henle DESCENDING Medulla, Permeable to water: water leaves by osmosis but salt stays in = watery area
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) highly concentrated at bottom of loop
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Loop of Henle ASCENDING Medulla, Impermeable to water: water stays in the loop but salt goes out = salty area
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Dilute filtrate once passes back into cortex
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Acid-base balance is restored here with most salt being returned to body
Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption (IN) Hormones (aldosterone, ADH) used at DCT regulate reabsorption
Step 3: Secretion (OUT) Secretion is substances moving from the blood across the interstitial fluid and into the nephron tubule
Step 3: Secretion (OUT) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Ammonia and drugs Uric acid
Step 3: Secretion (OUT) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) H+ ions
Urine Collecting Duct Final stage water and urea can be reabsorbed here if needed
Urine is 95% water, 5% dissolved substances
what is in urine Nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine) Sodium, potassium, sulfates
Urinalysis Abnormal findings include glucose, blood, free hemoglobin, albumin, ketones, and bile pigments
Ureters connect kidneys to bladder and often trap kidney stones
Bladder in women in front of vagina and uterus
Bladder in men rests on top of prostate
_______ muscle is wall of Bladder Detrusor muscle
Linning of Bladder Rugae
Trigone is smooth floor of bladder includes openings for urethras
Urethra conveys urine away from bladder and out of body
Micturation Voiding of urine
External sphincter of bladder voluntarily relaxes
Detrusor muscle of bladder contracts
Micturation - Nervous system - Stretch receptors in bladder wall send impulse to spinal cord
Micturation - Nervous system - Spinal cord sends motor impulse to bladder to contract and to internal sphincter (involuntary) to relax
Micturation - Nervous system - Brain can override impulse to void and keep external sphincter closed
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
What is the hormone produced by the kidneys that helps regulate Ca2+ levels in the blood? Calcitriol
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? Conservation of nutrients control of calcium levels Adaptive immunity Regulation of blood volume Adaptive immunity
Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system? Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system?
Calcitriol steroid hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to parathyroid hormone.
What hormone stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate ions by the digestive tract. Calcitriol
function of the urinary system Removal of organic waste products from body fluids Homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma Elimination of waste into the environment
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________. glucose appears in the urine
What brings oxygenated blood into the kidney? Renal artery
In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? Filtration
Which of the following organic wastes is generated by the catabolism of amino acids? Urea
What parts of the kidney make up the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular complex is composed of epithelial cells in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule near the renal corpuscle, and smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole
Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures? Renal fascia
What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter? Renal pelvis
In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? Renal medulla
What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood? Reabsorption
What are the cells found between adjacent glomerular capillaries that can change the diameter of the capillaries and adjust blood flow? Mesangial cells
What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate? Glomerulus
Which part of the kidney functions as an endocrine organ to produce erythropoietin and the enzyme, renin? The juxtaglomerular complex
Mesangial cells are special supportive cells that lie between adjacent capillaries
Sixty to 70 percent of the water in the body is reabsorbed in the __________. proximal convoluted tubule
What are the cells that surround the glomerular capillaries and limit filtration? Podocytes
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________. peritubular capillaries
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. trigone
In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur? nephron loop
In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE? Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? glomerular hydrostatic pressure
What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient? What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient?
The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the __________. renal corpuscle
Created by: Charon514
 

 



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