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Chapter 13
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Charlemagne | King of France, also crowned Emperor of the Roman People in 800 |
Papal States | a region in central Italy ruled by the Pope |
counts | officials chosen by Charlemagne to rule parts of his empire in his name |
navigation | planning a course of travel, such as the Vikings crossing the sea |
sagas | long Icelandic stories about great heroes and events |
Leif Eriksson | Viking who led settlers to the eastern shores of what in now Canada |
knights | highly skilled soldier who fought on horseback |
fief | land given to a knight in exchange for his service |
vassal | a person who accepts a fief from a lord |
feudal system | the political and social system built around large estates called manors |
fealty | a knight's loyalty to the lord who gives him land |
manorial system | an economic system built around large estates called manors |
serfs | people who were legally tied to the manor on which they worked |
Alfred the Great | the first king of the united England and who drove out the Vikings |
William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066 |
Domesday Book | the record of William's survey of England's people and their property |
Eleanor of Aquitaine | powerful French duchess; divorced king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him |
Magna Carta | document that restricted the King of England's power, considered to be the first step towards democracy in England |
Parliament | governing body that was the result of the king's council in the 1260s and which still makes England's rules today |
Hugh Capet | first ruler from the Capetian dynasty that ruled and expanded France |
Otto the Great | Saxon duke who became emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor in the 900s |
Reconquista | Christian leaders' effort to retake the Iberian peninsula from the Moors |
piety | a person's level of devotion to religion |
Pope Gregory VII | pope who excommunicated Henry IV, showing that a pope could stand up to the emperor |
pontificate | term of office of particular pope |
Henry VI | Holy Roman emperor who clashed with Pope Gregory VII in 1075 |