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Ecology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain Life History | Characteristics relating to organism growth, development. 1. age, size at sexual maturity 2. amount and timing of reproduction 3. survival and mortality rates. |
| explain patterns and phenotypic plasticity | vary among species (due to genetic variation or environmental conditions ). 1 G produces multiple Ps due to environmental conditions. |
| Name two modes of reproduction | asexual: simple cell division (pros and protists) parthenogenesis: asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring with no male aid. |
| Name adv and disdain of sexual reproduction | 1. increased genetic variation 2. half genome contributed to next generation (pop rate slower) |
| What are the trade offs | limited E or resource to 1 function at expense of another. |
| What are the 2 methods of reproduction. | R selection ( growth rate) K selection (carrying capacity) |
| What is semelparous? What is Iteroparous | Reproduce only once Reproduce multiple times |
| Describe R-selection | 1.Do better in recently disturbed environments 2. live fast die young 3. rapid development 4. low parental investment 5. high fecundity 6. short life span 7. early maturation |
| Describe K-selection | 1. slow and steady 2. longer lived 3. develop slower 4. late maturation 5. low reproduction rates 6. high offspring investment 7. do well in stable competitive environments |
| Explain offspring Development (altricial) | born undeveloped state requires care adv: continue brain growth and greater congitive abilities, reach independence sooner. dis: high food demands, extends vulnerability period. |
| Explain offspring Development (precocial) | born in relatively mobile state and can feed itself adv: slower growth, less food demand, rapid departure from home, minimize vulnerable period. Dis: can increase juvenile mortality, smaller adult brain |
| Explain Natal-Habitat biased dispersal | dispersing indiv. will be most successful in environments similar to data habitat. Influenced by: phenotype, experienced gained from natal habitat. adv: increase genetic diversity, reduce competition against relatives, colonization. dis: unfamiliarity w |
| Explain Niche Shift | Gradual morpholical change of an organism. Space that are needed for organisms growth, survival and ability to reproduced. |
| What is ethology? What is behavioral ecology? | Study of behavior of animals Study of how behavior influences an organisms survival report and ultimately its evolution. (to evolve- must be behavioral variation must be heritable must improve fitness) |
| What are the strategies to study? | 1. Proximate causation: how does behavior occur 2. Ultimate causation: why does it occur |
| What are the types of Behavior? | 1. Fixed Action Patterns 2. Migration 3. Imprinting 4. Mechano Sensory Comm. |
| Explain Fixed Action Patterns. | Innate behaviors that don't vary and is carried to completion, not learned but instinct. |
| Explain Migration | Generally inherited or learned through environment or others. |
| Explain Imprinting Explain Mechano Sensory Comm | exposed to certain stimuli that have profound effect on their behavior message conveyed by touch when visual cues aren't possible. |
| What is a selfish herd? | a group formation with dominant individuals on the inside of the group. |
| Benefits and costs of social gathering | Finding food, huddle for warmth, predator detection and avoidance Competition for resources, increase pathogen transmission |
| Fusion vs Fission | animals stay together in groups animals are primarily alone |
| What is ecological footprint? | total area of productive ecosystems required to support a pop. Carrying capacity depends on the amount of resources used by each person. |
| What is pop dynamics | the ways in which pops change in abundance overtime |
| what is pop fluctuation | in all pops # rise and fall overtime |
| describe pop outbreak | # of individuals increase rapidly |
| explain delayed density dependence | delays on the effect that density has on pop size , occurrence of fluctuation depends on the values of r and Tau |
| What is an extinction vortex | small pop experience increased severity of factors that limit survival and reproduction. as pop declines the time elapses before extinction occurs becomes rapidly smaller and smaller |
| Explain demographic stochasticity | chance events affect survival and reproduction of individual |
| Explain environmental stochasticity | Unpredictable random changes in environmental conditions (influences growth rate of the pop) more likely to cause extinction when pop is small |
| What is the Allee effect | at low densities, indiv have trouble finding mates |
| Describe metapops | group of specially isolated pop (linked by dispersal of indiv or gametes. |
| What 4 assumptions does the levies models make | 1. infinite # of identical habitat patches 2. all patches have an equal chance of receiving colonists 3. equal chance of extinction 4. once a patch is colonized, its pop increases to carrying capacity faster than colonization and extinction rates |
| Explain General features of competition | whether indirect or direct can limit the distributions and abundances of competing species |
| Explain exploitation competition | compete indirectly: individuals reduce the availability of a resource as they use it |
| Explain interference competition | compete directly: individuals may preform antagonistic actions |
| Explain Allelopathy | plants of one species releases toxins that harm others. |
| Explain competitive exclusion | species most likely to co-exist when resources use differently |
| What is the competitive exclusion principle | 2 species that use a limiting resource in the same way can't coexists |
| Explain resource partitioning | various species use the same limiting resource but in diff ways 1. habitat use 2. time of activity 3. access of resource |
| Explain source link dynamics | a local surplus from high quality habitats (source) and local deficit occurs in habitats of poor quality (sink) |
| Explain ecological trap | low quality resource that animals perceive as high quality acts as a pop sink |
| Explain perceptual trap | high quality resource that animals perceive as low quality acts as a pop sink. 1. red fitness 2. certain quality indicator cues may not be present |
| Explain habitat fragmentation | subdivided into isolated patches, resulting in a metope structure. (decrease patch size equals more isolated pop equals decrease colonization and increase extinction rate. if e/c becomes > 1 the metapop will go extinct |
| what is defragmentation: | able to reconnect habitats |
| What are the 2 important features of metapop | 1. isolation by distance: distance is the primary factor influencing colonization success 2. path size: influences likelyhood of colonization |
| What is rescue effect | sufficient rates of immigration that prevent pop extinction |
| what is bottom up controlled | increased primary production results in greater production at all trophic levels |
| what is top-down | top predators control abundance of other species |
| Explain Specialist | thrives only on narrow range of conditions (limit diet) |
| Explain Generalist | wide variety of conditions (thrives) |
| Explain search image | animals may form this of the most common prey type and orient toward that prey. Learning enables them to become increasingly efficient at capturing most common prey. |
| What are the 5 adaptions to escape being eaten | 1. physical defense 2. warning/ aposematic coloration 3. crypsis 4. mimicry 5. behavior |
| Explain physical defense (3) | 1. large size 2. rapid movement 3. body armor |
| name 4 plant defense | 1. masting- production of seed at long intervals by a pop of plants 2. compensation: removal of plant tissue stimulates new growth 3. induced defense: produced in response to herbivore attack. 4. secondary compounds: toxic chemical to reduce herbivory. |
| name 3 factors that influence susceptibility | 1. host age 2. a latent period 3. vertical transmission |
| Explain virulence and coevolution | degree of damaged caused to host pops of interacting species evolve together due to selection imposed by on another. |
| how do parasites cause communities to change | reduce survival of repro of host. reduce size of pop and alters outcomes of species interactions can bring host pop to extinction and reduce their geographic ranges |
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