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Progressive Era Test
American History Progressive Era Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Progressivism? | 1890-1920, addressed economic & social changes of Gilded Age; reform had wide appeal but was not unified movement with a common agenda; included prostitution, poverty, child labor, factory safety, women’s rights, temperance and political corruption |
| ________, __________ and _________ all found reasons to support progressivism | Democrats, Republicans and Socialists |
| Progressive Reform began in the late Gilded Age, especially during the Panic of 1893 which exposed serious flaws in the American _________, ________ and ______ fabric | political, economic and social |
| Some historians mark the end of the Progressive Era in 1917 when the U.S. entered ____, and others mark it in 1920 when the ____ __________ was signed | WWI, 19th Amendment |
| 19th Amendment (took effect in 1920) | granted women the right to vote |
| Progressive Themes | belief in progress; Social Gospel taught Christians to end poverty & inequality; Change enviro. to change people; “humanize” industry & urbanization; Looked to gov. to achieve goals; Led by middle class “experts”; actions impact entire nation |
| Political Reforms | Initiative, Recall, Referendum |
| Initiative | Is a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot |
| Recall | procedure that allows citizens to remove & replace a public official before end of a term. Recall differs from another method for removing officials from office – impeachment – in that it is a political device while impeachment is a legal process |
| Referendum | refers to a measure that appears on the ballot. two primary types of referenda: legislative referendum, where the Legislature refers a measure to voters for approval, and popular referendum, a measure that appears on ballot as result of voter petition |
| Direct Election of Senators | reformers dismissed individuals elected by state legis. as puppets & Senate as “millionaire’s club” serving private interests; Election of Senators change to election by citizens. Senators elected “at large” (everyone votes on the same two Senators) |
| Hull House | Set up in order to help immigrant women how to fit into American culture; Taught them how to have proper hygiene, have proper table manners, how to dress and learn what was right and wrong |
| Muckraking Journalism | New “muckraking” journalism drew attention to social problems, such as urban poverty, corruption & big business practices; Exposed problems & brought attention to them and how they needed to be changed |
| Examples of Muckraking Journalism 1 | Popular monthly magazines, like McClure’s & Collier’s, used investigative journalism & photos; Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) was the 1st exposé of urban poverty & slums |
| Examples of Muckraking Journalism 2 | Henry George’s Progress & Poverty (1879) showed the growing gap between rich & poor; Lincoln Steffan’s Shame of the Cities (1902) exposed corrupt political machine bosses |
| Examples of Muckraking Journalism 3 | Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil (1904) revealed Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices; Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) led to federal investigation of the meatpacking industry, gov’t inspections, & improved sanitation |
| Examples of Muckraking Journalism 4 | Sam H. Adams exposed the dangers of patent medicines which led to the Pure Food & Drug Act requiring listing of ingredients & banned “adulterated” drugs |
| Reforming Americas Cities | Progressive reform 1st began in cities in the 1890s to address factory, tenement, labor problems; The Social Gospel movement was a new religious philosophy that focused on improving society & saving individual souls |
| Female Dominion | Some of 1st reformers were educated, middle-class women; found reform as way to improve communities & to break out of traditional roles; Led by Jane Addam’s Hull House in Chicago, settlement houses built in slums, offering health care, baths, & cheap food |
| What key reforms did women groups, like the WTCU, help achieve | Prohibition—Shocking reports of alcohol abuse led 19 states to outlaw booze & the passage of the 18th Amendment (1920); Prostitution—By 1915, almost all states banned brothels & the Mann Act banned the interstate transport of “immoral” women |
| Working Class Reform | By 1914, 60% of the U.S. work force was foreign born; Most immigrant laborers were unskilled, lived in poverty & in ethnic enclaves |
| Conflict in the Workplace | new industrial advances like mass production & management sped up production but led to: Long hours, low wages, dangerous settings for workers; Labor unrest & strikes; Union membership jumped from 4% in 1900 to 13% by 1920; Progressive reforms for workers |
| What made it evident that progressive reform was needed for factory workers? | 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire |
| The Women’s Movement | Successful progressive reforms led by women strengthened calls for women’s rights & suffrage; National Association of Colored Women advocated rights of black women; The National American Woman Suffrage Association was key in 19th Amendment passed in 1920 |
| African-American Reforms 1 | By 1900, blacks in need of reform; 80% lived in rural areas, most as sharecroppers; Poll taxes, literacy tests, property qualifications limited black voting; Plessy v Ferguson (1896) case strengthened Jim Crow laws allowed segregation in public areas |
| African-American Reforms 2 | To ensure poor/uneducated whites could vote, states created grandfather clauses which allowed white men to vote if relative voted before Civil War; Plessy v Ferguson (1896): Segregation does not violate the 14th amendment & "separate but equal" |
| African-American Reforms 3 | Progressive reform did occur in South, but: Reform focused on regulating RR & industries to benefit white farmers; Social reform didnt occur; keeping blacks from voting was seen as necessary; Due to this, black civil right leaders demanded reform |
| African-American Reforms 4 | Black leaders divided on how to address racial problems; Booker T Washington's (Harvard educated, studied black urban culture, & was 1st pres. of Tuskegee Uni,) “Atlanta Compromise” stress black self-improvement (not lawsuits or agitation against whites) |
| African-American Reforms 5 | W.E.B. DuBois was more aggressive; led Niagara Movement in 1905 calling for immediate civil rights, integrated schools, & promotion of the “Talented 10th” to be the next generation of black civil rights leaders |
| The Nigerian Movement and the NAACP | In 1909, Nat. Assoc for Adv. of Colored People was form by William Walling; DuBois put in charge of The Crisis publication; NAACP victories: Guinn v U.S. (1915) ended Oklahoma grandfather clause; Buchanan v Worley (1917) ended KY house segregation |
| Conclusion | Social progressivism led to successful reforms in American cities by attacking corruption & advocating less fortunate; Urban reformers drew national attention to: women & blacks (with mixed results); The need for reform at the state & national levels |
| Child Labor | types of jobs: Factory workers, Coal mines, Oyster shuckers, Fishing mates; Why: Support families and Business found children cheaper and easier to handle |
| Key Tensions when Closing the Western Frontier | Key Tensions; Indians – Buffalo Hunters/Railroads/U.S. Gov.; Cattlemen – Sheepherders; Ranchers – Farmers; Ethnic Minorities – Nativists; Environmentalists – Big Business/Local Gov./Farmers/Buffalo Hunters; Lawlessness of Frontier – “Civilizing” forces |
| Colt .45 Revolver | New and popular weapon; Easy to use; Aimed straight; "God didn’t make men equal. Colonel Colt did." |
| Legendary Gunslingers/Train Robbers | Jesse James and Billy the Kid |
| What did Roosevelt do which had never been done before in conservation? | He set aside over 150 acres for national forests, he set aside a National Bird Reserve and he set up many national parks. |
| Haymarket Square Riot | This began at a peaceful labor protest, but turned into a violent riot when someone threw a bomb at the police. The riot did nothing, but seback the labor movement in America. |
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | The strike occurred because the wages of the railroad workers was cut by 10% across the board. There were strikes in cities across the country, and militia had to be brought in to shut it down. |
| Pullman Strike | This was caused because after The Panic of 1893, Pullman had to cut wages by ⅓ , but he did not cut the price of housing or food in his town. The strike was successful after 10,000 federal troops stopped the it. |
| Homestead Strike | caused because Henry Frick of Carnegie Steel Company demanded more prod. out of workers in the plant, but Union denied to meet new changes. Union members were then locked out of the factory by Frick. Strike was unsuccessful, and led to the end of Union. |
| Ida Tarbell | She wrote about Rockefeller and his immoral business tactics. Her influence led to the separation of Standard Oil under the Sherman Antitrust Act. |
| Jacob Riis | New York. he was successful in raising awareness of the poor people’s living conditions in New York. |
| Lincoln Steffens | He wrote on the corrupt leaders in St. Louis. His works helped lead to investigation into the corrupt political ring. |
| Upton Sinclair | Sinclair wrote about the unsafe work conditions that employees had in the meatpacking industry in America. He also unveiled how nasty some of the meats that were being sold were. His works led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony. She helped organize the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls in 1848. She was a notable and influential activist in the abolition and women’s right movements. |
| Susan B. Anthony | She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She was active in the abolition, education, education, labor and women’s rights movements. |
| The great numbers of immigrants during the Gilded Age slowed the industrial growth in the US? | False |
| Industrialization allowed middle-class Americans to afford high-quality, stylish clothing. | True |
| Corrupt New York politician who controlled Tammany Hall | Boss Tweed |
| Rural Reform Party which helps the farmer was the | Populist Party |
| Women's suffrage was an issue long before the progressives began to crusade for it. | True |
| The Pure Food and Drug Act proved to be a wasteful, ineffective form of government intervention | True |
| By requiring literacy tests, Southern states deprived many blacks of their right to vote. | True |
| What term referred to progressive writers who exposed abuse and corruption? | Muckrakers |
| All the following measures furthered direct democracy except | city managers |
| What was the subject of The Jungle? | meat packing |
| Theodore Roosevelt crusaded for all of the following causes except | segregation |
| Individuals who attempted to expose corruption and inequality during the Progressive Era were | muckrakers |
| Which statement describes a referendum? | A chance for the public to accept or reject a proposed bill. |
| The Progressive Movement had all of the following goals except | promoting business monopolies |
| Which adverse working condition became a common complaint of the labor movement? | Long work shifts of twelve-hour days, six days a week |
| Muckraker Ida Tarbell wrote about the | ruthless methods used by the Standard Oil Company |
| Which of the following strikes was caused by a wage reduction without a rent reduction? | Pullman Strike |
| All of the following were jobs children performed during the 1890s-1920s EXCEPT: | reporter |
| Susan B. Anthony was best known as | a leader in the women's suffrage movement |
| A fire killed 148 garment workers who were locked into the factory. Where did this take place? | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory |
| All of the following were Progressive advances of the labor movement except: | housing |
| This image BEST illustrates the early 1900s issue of | child labor |
| Jacob Riis wrote about the | How the Other Half Lives |
| Who was George Washington Carver? | He was a well known chemist and botanist. He became well-known to the public due to his active promotion of alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion |
| Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton? | Suffragist who organized the Seneca Falls Conference |
Created by:
Crayford