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Abnormal Psychol
chapter 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Whether a disorder runs in families | family aggregation |
| What are the six elements of abnormality? | suffering, maladaptiveness, deviancy, violation of standards of society, social discomfort, irrationality and unpredictability |
| Depression and anxiety cause physical, emotional, and psychological pain. This is an example of what element? | suffering |
| Behaviors that interfere with our well-being and with our ability to enjoy work, social relationships | maladaptive behavior |
| Depression that causes social interpersonal withdrawal or eating disorders that cause health risks and family/interpersonal discord is an example of what element of abnormal behavior? | maladaptive behavior |
| Statistically rare behaviors are considered different, and thus more likely to be abnormal. | Deviancy |
| Behavior is often considered abnormal when it falls outside conventional social standards, rules, and laws. Examples: murder, assualt, etc... | violations of standards of society |
| Element of abnormality where behavior violates a social rule, placing others at discomfort or unease | social discomfort |
| Physical touching and interpersonal disclosure, depending on a culture, are examples of what element of abnormality? | social discomfort |
| Element of abnormality where unorthodox behavior is more likely to be considered abnormal E.g., disordered speech, disorganized behavior, muscle or vocal tics | irrationality and unpredictability |
| Classification systems provide us with a _____________ that allows us to structure information | nomenclature |
| What are some advantages of nomenclature? | Facilitates communication among service providers Facilitates research endeavors Etiology, treatment, outcomes, ancillaries, etc Defines the limits of mental health profession |
| What are some disadvantages of nomenclature? | Shorthand information- lose detailed/specific information about the client Stigma Fear that receiving a psychiatric diagnosis will result in unwanted social consequences Labeling- a person’s self-concept may be directly affected |
| What is the DSM-IV definition of mental disorder? | A clinically significant behavioral or psychological pattern. Distress or disability Not an acceptable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event Considered to reflect behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individua |
| marked fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others or make them feel uncomfortable | Taijen kyofusho |
| the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time | prevalence |
| estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time | point prevalence |
| if we were to conduct a study and count the number of people who are suffering from major depression on January 1st | point prevalence |
| if we were to count everyone who suffered from depression at any point in time throughout the entire year | 1-year prevalence |
| if we were to obtain an estimate of the number of people who have suffered from a particular disorder at any time in their lives. | lifetime prevalence |
| the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time | incidence |
| What is the Most Common Individual DSM-IV Disorder for lifetime? | depression |
| What is the Most Common Adult DSM-IV Disorder for lifetime? | anxiety disorder |
| the presence of two or more disorders in the same person | comorbidity |
| The lifetime prevalence of having any DSM-IV disorder? | 46% |
| Mental health professional who prescribes medications and monitors the patient for side effects | psychiatrist |
| Mental health professional who may provide individual therapy, meeting with the patient several times a week | clinical psychologist |
| Mental health professional who may help the patient resolve family problems | clinical social worker |
| Mental health professional who may check in with the patient on a daily basis to provide support and help the patient cope better in the hospital environment | psychiatric nurse |
| an MD or PhD who has received intensive and extended training in the theory and practice of psychoanalysis | psychoanalyst |
| a person with training in child-clinical psychology with additional training and experience in academic and learning problems | school psychologist |
| a mental health professional who deals with adjustment problems rather than severe mental disorders | counseling psychologist |
| a disorder that is short in duration | acute |
| a disorder that is long in duration | chronic |
| _________ is a source of information in which specific individuals are described in great detail. This method is subject to ____ and conclusions have low _________. | case studies, bias, generalizability |
| ___________ is a source of information that involves research participants completing questionnaires or interviews. Not always a good source | self report data |
| when we collect information in a way that does not involve asking people directly. can involve either watching or collecting biological samples | direct observation |
| type of brain-imaging technique that allows the study of blood flow to various parts of the brain | fMRI |
| type of brain-imaging technique that generates a magnetic field on the surface of the head and can stimulate underlying brain tissue | TMS |
| Anecdotal accounts can help researchers develop ______ - Predictions that attempt to explain or explore a psychological construct | hypotheses |
| selecting people who are representative of the much larger group of individuals. ideally want is to mirror the larger group in all important ways. | sampling |
| the extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itself | external validity |
| reflects how confident we can be in the results of a particular given study | internal validity |
| a group of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other major respects to the criterion group | control group or comparison group |
| researcher selects certain groups of interest then compares the groups on a variety of different measures. no manipulation of variables. studies things as they are. | observational (correlational) research |
| measures that vary together in a direct, corresponding manner. example: female gender and increased risk of depression | positive correlation |
| Experimental research involves Manipulating one variable, the _________, and seeing what effect this has on another variable, the _____________ | independent variable, dependent variable |
| Researchers find a conventional level of significance and consider correlations that are _________ | <.05 |
| the same individual is studied over time, so behavior or performance at one point in time can then be compared to behavior or performance at a later time. | single-case research designs |
| collect data on a participant, introduce a treatment, withdraw a treatment, then reinstate the treatment | ABAB design |
| chipping away a circular section of skull | trephining |
| Very early conceptualizations of abnormal behavior attributed to __________, which involved both good and bad spirits. | demonic possession |
| father of modern medicine | Hippocrates |
| Man who Emphasized heredity and predisposition (genetic influences). Discussed outcomes associated with traumatic brain injuries. | Hippocrates |
| Man who Proposed that mental disorders had natural causes. Labeled the brain as the center of intellectual activity. | Hippocrates |
| Hippocrates categorized disorders as what? | mania, melancholia, or phrenitis |
| Man who Discussed importance of dreams and recognized the importance of environmental factors, Especially in treatment | Hippocrates |
| Hippocrates thought that Personality was dependent on the combinations/proportions of the __________ within different individuals | four humors- blood, bile, black bile, phlegm |
| Man who viewed psychological phenomena as responses to the whole organism and emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences in both etiology and treatment | Plato |
| Man who provided an anatomy of the nervous system. Differentiated between psychological and physical causes of mental disorders. Elaborated on psychosocial causes | Galen |
| During the middle ages, the ___________ maintained a scientific approach to abnormal behavior and the first mental hospital was built in _____________. | middle east, baghdad |
| perhaps the most widely studied medical work ever written, _________. In his writings, author _______ frequently referred to hysteria, epilepsy, manic reactions and melancholia. | Canon of Medicine, Avincenna |
| During the middle ages, European attitudes towards abnormal behavior were marked by ____________. | superstition |
| a disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was often attributed to the bite of a spider during the middle ages | tarantella |
| a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior. | lycanthropy |
| understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders. | abnormal psychology |
| Monique has a drinking problem, as do other members of her family. When a disorder runs in families, there is | family aggregation |
| A contract killer with antisocial personality disorder has difficulties in which area? | maladaptiveness |
| At one time, homosexuality was considered abnormal behavior, but it no longer is. This demonstrates the fact that decisions about abnormal behavior involve | social judgments |
| In an effort to address problems with the definition found in the DSM, Wakefield proposed the idea of mental disorder as | harmful dysfunction |
| People tend to be more comfortable disclosing a physical illness than a mental disorder because | there can be a stigma |
| When Lilly heard the doctor refer to her as "the schizophrenic," she felt terrible. Lilly was reacting to how the doctor ________ her. | labeled |
| ________ figures are lower than ________ figures because they exclude preexisting cases. | incidence, prevalence |
| Thomas, who suffers from a mental health disorder, is most likely to receive treatment as an | outpatient |
| Kelly has limited professional training, she works under professional direction, and she is involved in crisis intervention. Kelly is probably a(n) | community mental health worker |
| When a psychologist does a research study, they can't include everyone in the world with a particular abnormality, so they use ________, in which they select people who are representative of that group. | sampling |
| From a research perspective, the more ________ a sample is, the more we are able to extend the findings from the study. | representative |
| What type of research design is being utilized in the study of differences between individuals who have a particular disorder and those who do not? | correlational |
| Jia followed a group of people with schizophrenia for ten years to determine what factors may have occurred before the onset. Jia's research employed a(n) ________ design. | longitudinal |
| Evan works in the field of abnormal psychology, which is also called | psychopathology |
| Efron has severe depression, and it keeps him from participating in many normal daily activities. In which area does Efron probably have the most difficulty? | suffering |
| Decisions about abnormal behavior are based on | the values and expectations of society |
| If a researcher wants to know how many cases of a disorder have occurred during a given period of time, they would be measuring | incidence |
| _______ are efforts to explain, predict, or explore something. | hypotheses |
| In the research done by Cutting and Murphy, it was determined that being a psychiatric patient | could not be linked to poor social knowledge |
| Researcher Dodd has selected groups of people who lost a parent when they were growing up, and she is comparing the groups on a variety of different measures. Researcher Dodd is conducting | correlational research |
| An approach that involves identifying individuals with a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered and focusing research attention on them before any disorder manifests is | prospective research |
| To be considered abnormal, a behavior is typically | statistically rare and undesirable |
| Mental health ________ is the study of the distribution of mental health disorders in a population. | epidemiology |
| ________ prevalence refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given time. | point |
| Comorbidity is especially high in people who have | severe forms of mental disorder |
| The foundation of psychological knowledge comes from | observation |
| In a research study, the group of people who have the disorder being studied is the ________ group. | criterion |
| Statistical significance is influenced by the size of the correlation and by | sample size |
| When case studies are used to develop and test therapy techniques within a scientific framework, the approach is a(n) | single-case research design |
| When researchers study animals and generalize the results to humans, the experiments are called | analogue studies |
| The Renaissance led to a resurgence of ___________ in Europe | scientific questioning |
| wrote against possession views of mental illness | Paracelcus |
| 1st physician to specialize in mental disorders. “founder of modern psychopathology” | Weyer |
| Renaissance man who said mental disease no different than physical disease | St. Vincent dePaul |
| The sixteenth century saw the establishment of | asylums and shrines |
| The ________ reform began in late 18th century Europe. | Humanitarian |
| Successfully experimented with treating mental patients with kindness. Removed chains; treated like “sick” people | Philippe Pinel |
| Established York Retreat, based on Quaker principles Introduced trained nurses, supervisors *** began to change public attitudes toward mental illness*** | William Tuke |
| pushed moral management in late 18th century America | Benjamin Rush |
| Treatment that focused on patient’s social, individual, and occupational needs, serving to foster their moral and spiritual development | Moral management |
| Pushed by Benjamin Rush in Moral Management, focused on treatment of manual labor, spiritual discussions, and humane treatment | rehabilitation of character |
| From 1841 to 1881, carried on a zealous campaign about the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill Established 32 mental hospitals in U.S., Scotland, Canada, and other countries | Dorothia Dix |
| Criticized because it lead to the warehousing of the mentally ill in overcrowded facilities | Mental hygiene movement |
| There was a growth of asylums in the 20th century. 1940’s asylums housed ~____% of mentally ill Hospitalizations lasted several years | 90 |
| In attempt to reform the view on mental health in the 20th century , ___________ described his own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself | Clifford Beers |
| In attempt to reform the view on mental health in the 20th century, __________ published The Snake Pit, which called attention to the plight of mental patients | Mary Jane Ward |
| The organization of the _____________ showed support for research and training through psychiatric residencies | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |
| Funded community mental health hospitals in the 20th century | Hill-Burton Act |
| Act in support for outpatient services, inpatient facilities in general hospitals, rehabilitation programs, etc. | The Community Health Services Act (1963) |
| took the first major steps toward understanding psychological factors in mental disorders. His theories have evolved into the psychoanalytic perspective | sigmund freud |
| emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives | psychoanalysis |
| Psychoanalysis focuses on what? | Catharsis The unconscious Free association Dream analysis |
| established the first experimental psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig | Wilvheml Wundt |
| established the first American psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Soon after, the first psychological journals hit the press | Lightner Witmer |
| a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a conditioned response | Classical conditioning |
| _________ changed the focus of psychology to the study of overt behavior rather than the study of theoretical mentalistic constructs, an approach he called _________. | John Watson, behaviorism |
| Type of conditioning when the consequences of behavior influence behavior. Behavior that operates on the environment may be instrumental in producing certain outcomes. | Operant conditioning |
| Early writings show that demonic possession was treated with | exorcism |
| The philosopher that believed that the brain was the central organ of intellectual activity and that mental disorders were due to brain pathology was | Hippocrates |
| If a woman showed symptoms of hysteria, Hippocrates diagnosed her condition as being caused by | the uterus wandering to various parts of the body |
| Hippocrates believed that mental disease was the result of | natural causes and brain pathology |
| Aristotle held the view that ________ would eliminate pain and help to attain pleasure. | thinking as directed |
| Koro is a fear of | genital retraction |
| Paracelsus' view of abnormal behavior was colored by his belief in | astrological influences |
| Early __________ were primarily modifications of penal institutions, and the inmates were treated more like beasts than like human beings. | asylums |
| The _______ experiment tested the view that mental patients should be treated with kindness and consideration. | Pinel |
| _________ was a method of treatment that focused on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs. | Moral management |
| Emil Kraepelin viewed __________ as a key cause of psychological problems among soldiers. | alcohol |
| ____________ is a shift in the locus of care of patients with chronic psychiatric illnesses from psychiatric hospitals to community-based residential services. | deinstitutionalization |
| Freeman modified the __________ used by Moniz to decrease psychiatric symptoms. | lobotomy |
| The premise of __________ was that all people possessed magnetic forces that could be used to influence the distribution of the magnetic fluid in other people, thus affecting cures. | mesmerism |
| Michael decided to undergo hypnotism to help him quit smoking. He described how he felt a(n) ____________ or a significant emotional release upon awakening from his hypnotized state. | catharsis |
| Without censoring, Rebecca responded freely to open ended questions, and provided information about her feelings, motives, and thoughts. She was using a form of | free association |
| William Healy developed the Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic Institute based on | clinical psychology |
| Behavioral perspective is organized around a central theme that focuses on the role of __________ in human behavior. | learning |
| The "father" of operant conditioning is | Skinner |
| Early Egyptian papyri may be the oldest source describing the __________ as the site of mental function. | brain |
| Hippocrates was advanced in his treatment of melancholia. He advocated a regular and tranquil life, a vegetable diet, and | sobriety and abstinence from all excesses. |
| Hippocrates considered __________ to be important in understanding a patient's personality. On this point, he was a forerunner of a basic concept of modern psychotherapy. | dreams |
| If Hippocrates determined that a woman showed signs of hysteria, he would have recommended | marriage |
| __________ was a published female physician who wrote a treatise on causes and cures of melancholia, noting that it took different forms in men and women. | Hildegard |
| Chinese medicine was based on a belief in natural rather than supernatural causes for illnesses. For example, in the concept of _______________, the human body, like the cosmos, is divided into positive and negative forces. | Yin and Yang |
| In asylums, it wasn't unusual for the more violent mental patients to be | exhibited to the public |
| Johann Weyer is known as the founder of modern psychopathology. His earliest concerns focused on | people accused of witchcraft |
| Phillipe Pinel's treatment approach was to treat patients with regularity and kindness. This ______________ approach was the precursor in reforming the treatment of the mentally ill. | humanitarian |
| Moral management was a method of treatment that focused on a patient's __________, individual, and occupational needs. | social |
| In 1842, following Wakley's lobbying for change, the Lunacy Inquiry Act was passed, which included the requirement of effective inspection of asylums and houses every four months to ensure proper diet and the elimination of the use of | restraints |
| Benjamin Franklin was an early pioneer in the development of | electric shock |
| The "dopamine hypothesis" relates to | schizophrenia |
| Deinstitutionalization is a shift in the locus of care of patients with chronic psychiatric illnesses from psychiatric hospitals to community-based residential services. A major issue that still is yet to be resolved is the lack of | adequate housing for the severely mentally ill |
| Psychiatrist Henry Cotton believed that schizophrenia could be cured by | removing infections |
| Richard von Krafft-Ebbing conducted experiments involving the inoculation of paretic patients with matter from syphilitic sores. This crucial experiment established the __________ relationship between general paresis and syphilis. | causal |
| Mesmerism was influential in which spiritual movement? | christian science |
| A therapist who practices the theory of mesmerism is using | animal magnetism |
| The Nancy School believed hysteria was a form of | self-hypnosis |
| The discovery of the conditioned reflex led to _________ conditioning | classical |
| The country that was one of the first to give attention to mental disorders and medicine was | China |
| Paracelsus formulated the idea of psychic causes for mental illness, and advocated treatment called bodily magnetism. This type of treatment was later known as | hypnosis |
| The first U.S. hospital devoted to mental patients operated on the idea that patients should select __________ over insanity. | rationality |
| The work done by William Tuke in England most closely resembled the work of | Pinel |
| Lester's family agreed to the use of the tranquilizing chair as treatment because it would | lessen the force of the blood on the head when the muscles were relaxed |
| Albrecht von Haller emphasized the importance of the brain in ____________ and advocated postmortem dissections to study the brains of the insane. | psychic functions |
| Two related methods enabled Freud to understand a patient's conscious and unconscious thought processes, they were | free association and dreams |
| Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with a(n) ___________ stimulus. | unconditioned |
| In Skinner's view, behavior is shaped when someone __________ a particular activity of an organism. | reinforces |
| During the European Middle Ages, the mentally disturbed were managed by | clergy |
| _____________ declared, "Mental disease is no different than bodily disease and Christianity demands of the humane and powerful to protect, and the skillful to relieve the one as well as the other." | St Vincent Paul |
| Benjamin Rush invented and used a device called the __________ which was probably more torturous than calming for patients. | tranquilizing |
| neurasthenia is a condition that was thought to result from | lifestyle problems brought on by the demands of civilization. |
| A causal pattern of abnormal behavior is | proximal |
| A(n) __________ contributory cause is a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring. For example, the extra attention and sympathy that may come when a person is ill can unintentionally discourage recovery. | reinforcing |
| When Angie gets on an elevator, her pulse races. When several more people enter, it operates on her preexisting vulnerability for feeling anxious. This process is known as the ________ model. | diathesis-stress |
| To understand what is abnormal, one must have a good understanding of normal human development at biological, psychological, and sociocultural levels of analysis. This has been the focus of the rapidly growing field of | developmental psychopathology |
| Colleen has an intense fear of the dark that causes her considerable distress. This would be considered a(n) | phobia |
| The ______________ acknowledges that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment. | biopsychosocial viewpoint |
| __________ has an effect on the way we think and process information, as well as on behaviors and moods. It also seems to play an important role in emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. | serotonin |
| Marko, an 3yo orphan, was adopted by a couple. He was kept in a playpen most of his childhood, with little interaction. Marko found it difficult to hug his new parents and would squirm off laps. A theory that would explain his behavior would be Bowlby's | attachment theory |
| There are several basic themes of __________. They are 1) existence and essence; 2) our essence; 3) meaning and value, and 4) anxiety and the encounter with nonbeing, or nothingness. | existentialism |
| ___________ focus on the effects of environmental conditions (stimuli) on the acquisition, modification, and possible elimination of various types of response patterns, both adaptive and maladaptive. | behavior therapists |
| A conditioned response may return at some future point in time, a phenomenon Pavlov called | spontaneous recovery |
| The _______________ theory focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior. | cognitive-behavioral |
| Angel continues to play the slot machine, even though she has already lost forty dollars. The machine averages a payout every 5th time; even though she still loses, she believes she may win the "big jack pot." Her gambling is being maintained by | random reinforcement |
| According to Chorpita, the four types of psychological factors that make people vulnerable to a mental disorder or that may precipitate a mental disorder are | early deprivation or trauma, inadequate parenting styles, marital discord and divorce, and maladaptive peer relationships. |
| Four types of parenting styles have been identified that seem to be related to different developmental outcomes for the children. Research has found that the __________ parenting style is the most effective. | authoritative |
| A __________ cause may not be a necessary cause. For example, hopelessness is not a necessary cause of depression; there are other causes of depression as well. | sufficient |
| Some causal factors occurring relatively early in life may not show their effects for many years; these would be considered __________ causal factors that may contribute to predisposition to develop a disorder. | distal |
| Many mental disorders are believed to develop when some kind of stressor operates on a person who has a(n) __________ or vulnerability for that disorder. | diathesis |
| Protective __________ include an easy-going temperament, high self-esteem, high intelligence, and school achievement, all of which can help protect against a variety of stressors. | attributes |
| The biopsychosocial viewpoint acknowledges that biological, psychological, and __________ factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment. | sociocultural |
| Seth has failing grades in high school. His parents are in a heated custody battle. They want him to choose which parent he wants to live with. His failing grades would be an interaction of what biopsychosocial factor? | psychological |
| Molly was in a severe car accident. She suffered from post-traumatic stress syndrome that includes flashbacks and migraine headaches. Her biopsychosocial issues would be | biological and psychological |
| When researchers conduct a large __________ study on schizophrenia, they do a linkage study and look at all known relatives of a person with schizophrenia. | family pedigree |
| The process of spontaneous recovery is when a(n) __________ conditioned response may also still be elicited in different environmental contexts than in the one where the extinction process took place. | weaker |
| ___________ focus on the effects of environmental conditions (stimuli) on the acquisition, modification, and possible elimination of various types of response patterns, both adaptive and mal adaptive. | behavior therapists |
| According to Cicchetti & Toth, parents who reject/abuse their kids have been the victims of parental rejection. Their history of rejection/abuse would have had damaging effects on their ____ and they were unable to internalize good models of parenting. | self-schema |
| Parenting styles have been identified to be related to the different developmental outcomes for children. Which style has the greater degree of parental control, resulting in children who are conflicted, irritable, and moody? | authoritarian |
| The _______________ is the best validated, and most widely used test that has been adapted for use in many cultures. | MMPI |
| The prevalence of major depressive disorder varies widely across the cultures of the world. In a recent study conducted in ten countries around the world, the prevalence ranged from ____ percent in Japan to nearly 17 percent in the United States | 3 |
| Studies have found that in Thailand, adults are highly intolerant of __________ behavior such as aggression, disobedience, and disrespectful acts in their children. | under controlled |
| Rates of depression, marital problems, and __________________ significantly increase during periods of unemployment but usually normalizes when employment rates recover. | bodily complaints |
| A number of studies have documented a strong relationship between parents' poverty and the effects on their children. Children under five are most likely to have | lower IQs |
| Women working outside the home experience greater satisfaction in parenting, have greater marital dissatisfaction, and | a greater protective factor against depression. |
| Cindy never felt close to her father growing up. As a young woman, she finds it difficult to establish relationships with men. The parental rejection she felt is a __________ cause for her difficulties as an adult. | contributary |
| Tracy and Melinda have identical genetic makeup and therefore the same genetic __________ for depression. | diathesis |
| The biopsychosocial viewpoint acknowledges that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in ___________ and treatment. | psychopathology |
| When researchers conduct a large family pedigree study on schizophrenia, it is a(n) __________ analysis. | linkage |
| During the __________ stage of psychosexual development, sexual motivations recede. | latency |
| ___________ focus on the effects of stimuli on the acquisition, modification, and possible elimination of various types of response patterns, both adaptive and maladaptive. | behavior therapists |
| The __________ viewpoint focuses on faulty learning of habits to reduce stress (drinking alcohol) and environmental conditions that may be exacerbating or maintaining the condition. | behavioral |
| Chorpita & Barlow found that a person exposed to the same frequency and intensity of negative outcomes that are predictable and/or controllable will experience __________ stress and be ________ likely to develop anxiety or depression. | less,less |
| __________, a cognitive therapist, might interpret the negative consequences of parental deprivation as the child acquiring dysfunctional schemas and self-schemas in which relationships are represented as unstable, untrustworthy, and without affection. | Beck |
| It is estimated that as many as ____ of teenagers who use the Internet participate in cyberbullying. | 1/3 |
| In society, there is a(n) ____________ correlation between socioeconomic class and the incidence of mental disorders. | inverse |
| There are two primary types of discrimination that occur in the workplace: ____ discrimination, women are not hired because they are women, and ___ discrimination, women who have a job are paid less and receive fewer opportunities for promotion. | access, treatment |
| All behavioral __________ (introversion and extraversion, for example, or high and low sensation seeking) are characterized by distinctive biological characteristics. | traits |
| Simon made sure to put coolant in his car's radiator because he could just see himself being stranded in his overheated car. This is an example of | internal reinforcement |
| Leonora had dealt with poverty in her childhood; being laid off was not a crisis for her, as it was with some of her friends who had never known poverty. Leonora is exhibiting | resiliency |
| The referral sent from the hospital included the major symptoms and behaviors that the client was experiencing. This part of the referral would be the client's | presenting problem |
| A social or behavioral history is an objective description of the person's behavior. What patient information would be included in this section of the assessment? | notable deficits (like social skills) |
| The therapist and Claire decided to discuss in a month whether the frequency of her treatment was adequately meeting her needs. The decision about treatment was | collaborative |
| A clear understanding of the individual's behavioral history, ______________, personality characteristics, environmental pressures, and resources is necessary for a thorough assessment. | intellectual functioning |
| The psychologist knew that Rashim's test results would have to take into account his Indian heritage. The psychologist was demonstrating | cultural sensitivity |
| An EEG is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. It is an abbreviation for | electroencephalogram |
| The medical evaluation may include both a __________________ and special examinations aimed at assessing the structural (anatomical) and functional (physiological) integrity of the brain as a behavior ally significant physical system. | general physical exam |
| The MRI can reveal brain ______ but not brain activity. | structure |
| The primary value of the fMRI is in research of | cognitive processes |
| The Rorschach test can be useful in uncovering certain psychodynamic issues and is considered a(n) | projective test |
| The MMPI-2 measures each of ten __________ scales. | clinical |
| Assessment data was collected for the client. Interpretations, observations, and discussions by the treatment staff were integrated into | a treatment plan |
| When data gathered at the time of an original assessment and current assessments, and the diagnostic classification for a patient concur, the _____________ of that diagnosis increases. | validity |
| A(n) ________ allows a way to check back and see why a certain course of therapy was taken. | case record |
| An undue focus on only a patient's personality, which some assessment techniques encourage, can appear to be narrowly focused. An ethical issue occurs when the assessment may be missing | critical environmental factors |
| DSM-IV-TR evaluates an individual using ________ axis categories. | 5 |
| Axis __________ is the axis that major depression would be documented in. | 1 |
| Phoebe's life fell apart when she had to move herself and her two children out of her parent's home, following their death in a car accident. Which axis would describe Phoebe's environmental situation? | 5 |
| A(n) __________________ refers to a procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observations, and interviews develop a summary of the client's symptoms and problems. | psychological assessment |
| A ____________ describes a current situation and includes a hypothesis about what is driving a person to behave the way they do. | dynamic formulation |
| A therapist is demonstrating ________ when they are involved in a multicultural assessment and use testing procedures that have been adapted and validated for culturally diverse clients. | cultural competence |
| A(n) ________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. | EEG |
| The ______________ may include both a general physical examination and special examinations aimed at assessing the structural (anatomical) and functional (physiological) integrity of the brain. | medical examination |
| The physical assessment is important for disorders that entail physical problems, such as somatoform, addictive, and organic brain syndromes that can | produce behavioral symptoms that closely mimic those of mental disorders. |
| A dysrhythmia may occur in a(n) | EEG |
| A(n) __________ reveals brain structure but not brain activity. | MRI |
| Eisenberger, Lieberman, and Williams (2003) found that participants who ______________ showed a similar pattern of brain activation as participants experiencing physical pain. | excluded from social participation |
| Jonathon experienced seizures after a head injury. He was examined by the doctor and they recommended a __________ to measure his cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance as clues to the possibility or location of brain damage. | neuropsychological test |
| ____________ of an assessment would mean that two or more interviewers assessing the same client would generate highly similar conclusions about the client. | reliability |
| Kyler was documenting his feelings of anxiety, avoidance behavior, and panic attacks and when they occurred. He would then discuss the patterns that emerged with his psychiatrist. This method of collaboration is called | self-monitoring |
| Where intellectual impairment or ____________________ is thought to be central to a patient's problem, intelligence testing may be the most crucial diagnostic procedure in the test battery. | organic brain damage |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised includes both __________ and performance material and consists of 11 subtests. | verbal |
| The MMPI-2 is t the most widely used personality test for clinical and ____________ assessment. | forensic |
| The __________ test requires the subject to read, comprehend, and answer verbal material. Patients who are illiterate, or confused cannot be recommended to take the test. | MMPI-2 |
| The recommendations for treatment are ____________________ so that it will be possible to do follow up and see why a certain course of therapy was undertaken, how accurate the clinical assessment was, and how valid the treatment decision was. | entered into and kept in the case record at an agency or hospital |
| DSM-IV-TR system is the standard guide for practitioners in the United States, using __________ as the focus of classification and in dividing problems into different facets. | symptoms |
| DSM-IV-TR evaluates an individual according to five foci or axes. The first three axes assess an individual's | present clinical status or condition |
| Axis __________ is knowing what frustrations and demands a person has been facing and is important for understanding the context in which the problem behavior has developed. | 4 |
| ___________________ is used by clinicians to indicate how well the individual is coping at the present time. | global assessment of functioning |
| An unstable disorder pattern, like a mood condition, would most likely be described as | episodic |
| The major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing | presenting problem |
| a procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observation, and interviews, develop a summary of the client's symptoms and problems | psychological assessment |
| process through which a clinician arrives at a general summary classification of the patient's symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-IV-TR | clinical diagnosis |
| It is critical for the psychologist to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment and to use testing procedures that have been adapted and validated for culturally diverse clients. | Cultural competence |
| Evaluation necessary to rule out the possibility that physical abnormalities may be causing or contributing to the problem | medical evaluation |
| Test that assesses brain wave patterns in awake and sleeping states. A graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. | EEG |
| Through the use of Xrays, this test reveals images of parts of the brain that might be disease. | CAT scan |
| Test with the ability to differentiate subtle variations of soft tissue. Involves the precise measurement of variations in magnetic fields that are caused by the varying amouts of water content in organs | MRI |
| Test that provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds as they are metabolized by the brain, revealing activity. | PET scan |
| Test that measures changes in local oxygenation of specific areas of brain tissue. | fMRI |
| ________ follow a predetermined set of questions throughout the interview | Structured interviews |
| Subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. | unstructured interview |
| The main purpose of ___________ is to learn more about the person's psychological functioning by attending to his or her appearence and behavior in various contexts | direct observation |
| The use of ______________ in clinical observation and in self-reports helps both to organize information and to encourage reliability and objectivity. Helps keep the observer inferences to a minimum. | rating scales |
| Provides a structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms such as overconcern with physical symptoms, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, etc. Contains 18 scales. | Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) |
| Unstructured and rely on various ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or vague pictures rather than on explicit verbal questions. | Projective personality tests |
| Structured and typically use questionnaires, self-report inventories, or rating scales in which questions or items are carefully phrased and alternative responses are specified as choices. | Objective personality tests |
| One of the major structured inventories for personality tests that is used for clinical and forensic assessment and in psychopathology research. | MMPI-2 |
| ________ is the degree to which a measuring device produces the same results every time. __________ is degree to which a diagnosis accurately conveys to us something clinically important about the person whose behavior fits the category. | Reliability, validity |
| In the ________ approach to classifying abnormal behavior, it is assumed that a person's typical behavior is the product of differing strengths or intensities of behavior along several definable dimensions. | Dimensional |
| In the ________ approach to classifying abnormal behavior, "normal" is discriminated from "abnormal" in terms of precise statistical criteria derived from dimensional intensities among unselected people who are considered normal. | Dimensional |
| In the ________ approach to classifying abnormal behavior, a ______ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combinations of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together | prototypal, prototype |
| The first 3 axes of DSM-IV-TR assess an individual's ____________ | present or clinical status or condition |
| Axis _________ includes schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, substance dependence. Roughly analogous to various illness and diseases recognized in general medicine | Axis 1 |
| Axis 2 includes _____________ and provides a means for coding for long-standing __________ personality traits that may or may not be involved in the development and expression of an Axis 1 disorder. | personality disorders, maladaptive |
| Axis 3 includes ______________ potentially relevant to understanding or managing the case. | general medical conditions |
| Axis 4 includes _______ and ____ problems and deals with stressors that may have contributed to the current disorder. | psychosocial and environmental |
| Axis 5 deals with the ______________, where clinicians indicate how well the individual is coping at the present time. | Global assessment of functioning |
| ____________ is one of the most important and complex responsibilities of mental health professionals. The extent to which a person's problems are understood and treated depends largely on the adequacy of the _____________. | clinical assessment, psychological assessment |
| The most widely used and most flexible psychosocial assessment methods are the __________ and _____________. These methods provide a wealth of clinical information. | clinical interview, behavioral observation |
| A clear understanding of the individual's behavioral history, ______________, personality characteristics, environmental pressures, and resources is necessary for a thorough assessment. | intellectual functioning |
| The psychologist knew that Rashim's test results would have to take into account his Indian heritage. The psychologist was demonstrating | cultural sensitivity |
| The primary value of the fMRI is in research of | cognitive processes |
| The MMPI-2 measures each of ten __________ scales. | clinical |
| When data gathered at the time of an original assessment and current assessments, and the diagnostic classification for a patient concur, the _____________ of that diagnosis increases. | validity |
| A(n) ________ allows a way to check back and see why a certain course of therapy was taken. | case record |
| An undue focus on only a patient's personality, which some assessment techniques encourage, can appear to be narrowly focused. An ethical issue occurs when the assessment may be missing | environmental factors |
| During the assessment, the clinician noted that Steven was unable to accept help from others. Which area of Steven's life was being evaluated? | personality factors |
| The medical evaluation may include both a general physical examination and special examinations aimed at assessing the structural (anatomical) and functional (physiological) integrity of the brain as a | behaviorally significant physical system. |
| During his physical assessment, Rolph was diagnosed with using too much caffeine. It affected his mood, his sleep and made him irritable. Excessive caffeine can ______________ anxiety. | mimic the symptoms of |
| Which section of the Halstead-Reitan test measures a person's ability to learn and remember material? | actual performance |
| Karen monitored, documented, and measured the severity of her symptoms and then discussed the patterns that emerged with her psychiatrist. This method of self- monitoring is used as a(n) | treatment tool |
| As a participant in a(n) _____________ research study,Juan rated the increase or decrease in his depression after treatment.. | Hamilton Rating Scale |
| The WISC-IV, the WAIS-III, and the Stanford-Binet are individually administered _______________ tests. They typically require 2 to 3 hours to administer, score, and interpret. | Intelligence |
| The NEO-PI provides information on the major dimensions in personality and is widely used in evaluating personality factors in __________ populations. | normal |
| In a sentence completion test, interpretation of the item responses is generally | subjective and unreliable |
| Recommendations for treatment are entered into the case record so that it will always be possible to check back and see why a certain course of therapy was undertaken, how accurate the clinical assessment was, and | how valid the treatment decision was |
| Gabbi and her three children lived with her father. She had to move when her father passed away. The apartment she could afford was not in her children's school district. Axis IV would describe | her frustration and stressors |
| SCAN is a formal system of interview questions developed by the ____________________ for assessing and classifying psychopathology. | WHO |
| In a multicultural assessment , the therapist noted that Maria's excessive crying over the death of her husband was part of an Italian tradition to show respect. Italians call it "wailing." The therapists inquiry into her client's traditions demonstrated | cultural competence |
| When persons who were not provided psychological test feedback were compared with those who did get feedback, the latter group showed a significant decline in reported symptoms and _______ as a result of having clearer understanding | an increase in self esteem |
| If a medical specialist wanted to pinpoint the site responsible for the epileptic seizures of a patient, they would use a(n) | PET |
| The most useful __________ are those that enable a client to indicate not only the presence or absence of a trait or behavior but also its prominence or degree. | rating scale |
| The BPRS is used to measure | clinical symptoms |
| Sentence completion tests are somewhat more structured than the Rorschach and most other projective tests. They help examiners pinpoint important clues to an individual's ____________________ through the content of her or his responses. | problems, attitudes, and symptoms |
| _______ indicates how well an individual is coping at the current time. | GAF |
| Cynthia has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. She also has bleeding ulcers and was taking medication that had decreased her cramping. This information would be | general medical conditions potentially relevant to understanding and managing the case and would be documented on Axis III. |
Created by:
jgold37