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Ch 6
Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 2 routes for long distance signal delivery in the body? | neurons and blood |
| which two body systems maintain homoeostasis by monitoring and responding to changes in the environment? | nervous and endocrine system |
| what 2 types of physiological signals does the body use to send messages? of theses two types, which is available to cells? | chemical (available to all cells) and electrical |
| In a signal transduction pathway, the signal ligand, also called the first messenger, binds to a(n)____, which activities and changes intracellular. | receptors, targets (effectors), or proteins |
| the 3 main amplifier enzymes are_____, which forms cAMP ___, which forms cGMP; and_____ which converts a phospholipid from the cell membrane into 2 different second messenger molecules | adenylyl guanylyl cylase phospholipase C |
| An enzyme known as protein kinase adds the functional group____ to its substrate, by transferring it from a(n)____molecule. | phosphate, ATP |
| Distinguish between central and peripheral nerves. | Central: located within the central nervous system Peripheral: found outside the CNS |
| Receptors for signal pathways may be found in the ______, ________, or ___________ of the cell. | nucleus cytosol cell membranee |
| Down-regulation results in a(n)______(increased or decreased?) number of receptors in response to a prolonged signal. | decreased |
| list 2 ways a cell may decrease its response to a signal | it may down-regulate receptor number or decrease receptor affinity for the substrate |
| In a negative feedback loop, the response moves the system in the ______(same/opposite) direction as the stimulus moves it. | opposite |
| gap junctions connect... | two cells using protein channels called connexons, made from connexin subunits |
| paracrine signals act on.. | nearby cells |
| autocrine signals act on... | the cell that secrets them |
| cytokines are... | peptide autocrine and paracrine signals |
| neurotransmitters, neuromodulators. and neurohormones are all chemicals secreted by.... | neurons |
| Neurotransmitters act ______ on nearby cells, while neuromodulators act more _______. | rapidly slowly |
| Neurohormones and hormones are secreted into... | the blood for action on distant targets |
| Receptors agonists activate... | receptors just like the normal ligand |
| Antagonistic pathways create... | responses that opposes each other |
| Transduction: | A signal molecule transfers information from EFC to the cytoplasm |
| Amplification: | one signal molecule creates a larger spinal |
| Cytokines, hormones. and neurohormoes travel through.... | the blood |
| cytokines. nerohormones. and neurotransmitters are released by... | neurons |
| signal pathways have... | signal molecule, receptor, intercellular signal molecule(s), and target proteins |
| Receptors are on.... | cell membranes or cytosol or nucleus |
| Steroids are lipophilic, so... | they can enter cells and bind to intercellular receptors |
| receptors are either... | ligand-gated ions channels, receptor enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, or integrin |
| first messengesr are (extracellular or intracellular) | extracellular |
| second messengers are (intercellular or extracellular) | intracellular |
Created by:
mramir06
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