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Sense Organs ANS 205
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is another name for the sensory system? | Afferent |
| What is the sensory system? | Means by which the nervous system receives information about the environment and movement |
| What is exteroception? | external environment |
| What is interoception? | internal environment |
| What is proprioception? | position and movement |
| What is a conscious perception of sensory stimuli? | sensation |
| What does the ending -ception mean? | perceiving |
| What is a somatosensation? | General senses such as pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception on body surfaces and musculoskeletal elements |
| What is the special sense organ for taste? | gustation |
| What is the special sense organ for smell? | olfaction |
| What is the special sense organ for sight? | vision |
| What is the special sense organ for hearing? | audition |
| What is the special sense organ for equilibrium? | vestibular sensation |
| What does soma- mean? | body of the cell |
| Name three animal-specific sense organs. | Geomagnetism, detection of electric fields, and modified audition |
| What is geomagnetism? | migratory bird and insects |
| Which species of animals use detection of electric fields? | fish |
| Cetaceans and bats use what to navigate? | modified audition and sonar |
| What do some animals ride in the ocean? | East Australian Current |
| What are sensory receptors? | specialized cells/nerve endings that detect internal or external environment |
| What is transduction? | mechanism by which the nervous system changes environmental energy to electrical activity of neurons (changed into action potential) |
| What are the five types of sensory recpetors? | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, and chemoreceptors |
| What are mechanoreceptors? | stretch, proprioception (skeletal muscles) |
| What are thermoreceptors? | hot, cold, infrared |
| What are nociceptors? | dull vs. sharp pain |
| What are photorecptors? | light (rods and cones) |
| What are chemoreceptors? | taste, smell, CO2, pH |
| What are unencapsulate receptors? | sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping |
| What is an exmaple of unencapsulated receptors? | free nerve endings and hair receptors |
| What are encapsulated receptors? | dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering |
| What is an example of encapsulated receptors? | Meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin |
| What are blood cells called? | corpuscles |
| What is perception created through input of a variety of specialized receptors? | proprioception |
| Where are taste cells found? | on tongue and throat |
| Where are taste buds found? | papillae |
| What are the five tastes? | Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (MSG) |
| What cranial nerves are associated with taste receptors? | VII, IX, and X |
| What type is the olfactory epithelium? | pseudostratified |
| How does the smell make it to the brain? | nerve dendrites have cilia that bind the odors to them, then the odor is relayed to the nerve axon which synapses dendritesof the olfactory buld to the brain |
| What are the three parts of the ear? | external, middle, internal |
| What are the two functions of the ear? | hearing and balance |
| What is in charge of hearing? | cochlea |
| What maintains balance and equilibrium? | semi-circular canals and vestibularapparatus |
| What are the parts of the external ear? | pinna/auricle, auricular cartilage |
| What is important about the shape of the ear? | It captures sound localization |
| What forms most of the ear canal? | annular cartilage |
| Where does the tubular extension of pinna connect? | external acoustic canal and tympanic membrane |
| What is the external acoustic canal made of? | modified skin with sebaceous and ceruminous glands |
| What does the prefix au- mean? | hearing |
| What kind of space is the middle ear? | air-filled |
| What is the tympanic cavity lined with?? | mucous membrane in temporal lobe |
| How is the middle ear sealed off from the external ear? | by the tympanic membrane |
| What are the three middle ear ossicles? | malleus, incus, stapes |
| What are the shapes of malleus, incus, and stapes? | hammer, anvil, stirrup |
| What are the two muscles in the middle ear? | tensor tympani and stapedius |
| What causes you to not be able to hear after a loud rock concert? | The two muscles of the inner ear |
| Where is the internal ear located? | within the temporal lobe as a multichambered membranous sac |
| What is the purpose of the internal ear? | detects sound and acceleration of head |
| How many parts are in the internal ear, what are their names and shape? | Three: utriculus and sacculus (2 large pieces), semicircular ducts (3 loops), and cochlear duct (spiral) |
| What are the three parts of the cochlea? | scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, and scala tympani |
| How do the sound waves travel at the beginning of the ear? | down pinna to tympanic membrane |
| What transfers vibrations to vestibular window? | ossicles |
| The Organ of Corti is also called what? | hair cells |
| What part of the eye allows light to pass easily? | cornea |
| What parts is the cornea missing to allow light? | vascular elements and pigment |
| What is required so light cannot reflect in the eye? | dehydration |
| What types of animals have larger corneas to increase light transmission? | nocturnal |
| How much of their cornea do dogs and cats use? | dogs 17% and cats 30% |
| What is the purpose of the lens? | focuses light onto the retina |
| What is is called when the muscles in ciliary body change the shape of the lens? | accomodation |
| Which would have a larger lens? Distant light or close light? | close |
| What is the purpose of the iris? | controls how much light gets into the eye by regulating pupil size |
| What animals have a horizontal iris? | domestic herbivores and pigs |
| What animals have a vertical and elliptical iris? | cat |
| What is the shape of a dog's iris? | circular |
| What are the two sets of smooth muscles in the iris and their shape? | Circular-parasympathetic and radial-sympathetic |
| What are the masses of color in the iris called? | corpora nigra |
| Where is the aqueous humor formed? | posterior chamber behind iris |
| What is the function of the aqueous humor? | provides nutrition to cornea and lens, remove waste products, and maintains pressure |
| Where is the vitreous humor? | behind lens |
| What is the condition when the humors need to be drained if they are blocked? | glaucoma (increased pressure) |
| What are the two photoreceptors in the retina? | rods and cones |
| What colors do you see with rods? | black and white |
| Where is the blind spot in the eye? | at the optic disc |
| What happens to your eyes in darkness? | increased concentration of rhodopsin and diameter of pupil |
| What is the tapetum in the eye? | A reflective layer of inner choroid that allows light to reflect |
| What is the difference between monocular vision and binocular vision? | monocular is with one eye whereas binocular is with two eyes |
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