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Lecture 1: Comp Phys
Comparative Physiology USD Fall 2018 Dr. Renner
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can physiology be defined? | The Dynamic relation between cells, tissues, organs and theorganism as a whole |
| What is physiology? | The way things work; the mechanisms of ow cells, tissues, organs, and the organism as a whole work together to survive |
| What is comparative? | View of how different organisms have evolved mechanisms that enable them to survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions |
| Define Struture | Function relationships |
| Function has a dependence on ____________. | structure |
| What is an adaptation? | Match or fit of physiology of an animal with the environment |
| Adaptation is a ______ process done through _______. | slow, natural selection |
| Adaptations often lead to ________. | development of a species |
| Are adaptations refersible or irreversible? | generally irreversible which is why it often leads to the development of a species |
| Define Acclimatization? | Changes in an organism/individual in response to changes occuring naturally in the environment |
| Give an example of acclimatization? | Walking outside without a coat on so you shiver or for birds their metabolism and enzyme levels change for survival in winter |
| Define acclimation? | changes in an individual in response to experimentally induced changes in its environment |
| Give an example of acclimation? | Putting birds in a chamber. You put summer birds in a cold chamber and record the changes |
| Define homeostasis? | Maintenance of a state of internal constancy |
| What does homeostasis literally mean? | "steady state" |
| What did Claude Bernard do in 1872? | He recognized many animals maintained a relatively constant internal environment under a variety of external conditions (homeostasis without actually defining the term) |
| What did Walter Cannon do in 1929? | Coined the term homeostasis |
| What maintains homeostasis? | Control system with three different components: receptor, control center, and the effector |
| What is a receptor? | some form of a sensor to take in the stimulus |
| What is a control center? | something to process the input; read sthe input and chooses the response |
| What is an effector? | Something to do something about the input i.e. cuase the appropriate change |
| Explain the thermostat analogy of a negative feedback system? | 1. The set point on the thermostat is the setting 2. The thermostat is the control center 3. The thermometer is the sensor/receptor 4. The furnace is the effector -Decrease in room temperature is recepted, a response is initiated oppositely |
| With negative feedback, there is _______ between stimulus and response. | Lag time |
| Negative feedback keeps variables in a fairly _____ range. | tight |
| What is negative feedback? | A system that is based on the presence of a response that causes a change in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus. i.e.: the stimulus is reversed, decrease in temp causes the furnace to put out heat to increase the temp |
| What is positive feedback? | Incorporates the elements of negative feedbac, but instead of reversing the stimulus, the stimulus is amplified |
| Give an example of a positive feedback system? | LH (Leutenizing Hormone): surge during ovulation or oxytocin increase during birthing |
| In relation to pathophysiology, why are positive feedback systems important? | Positive feedback is a detrimental response when normal negative feedback systems are impaired |
| What are the two responses to changes in the external environment that organisms can have? | Conformers or regulators |
| What are an organisms environmental responses dependent on? | Nature of the organism (type) and the severity of the envronmental change |
| What do conformers do? | Exhibit alterations in their internal environments that reflect the changes occuring in the external environment |
| What does the graph of conformers look like? | Steady positive slope |
| In lay-man's terms what do conformers do? | They match their internal environment to the external environment |
| What is a disadvantage of being a conformer? | The organism's function is dependent on the external conditions |
| What is an advantae of being a conformer? | The organism's system requires very little energy because it doesn't have to regulate as closely. Also allows the organism to adapt to a wide range of a given variable (consider salinity) |
| What do regulators do? | Regulate internal conditions or maintain homeostasis through a wide variety of external conditions |
| What does the graph of regulators look like? | A stretched out capital N |
| What does the staight line at the beginning of the regulator's graph and the end represent? | Theses are extreme exernal condtions (extreme heat/cold) where the homeostatic mechanisms fail |
| What happens when failed homeostatic mechanisms continue uncorrected? | Death of the organism |
| What is a disadvantage of being a regulator? | Regulation is energetically expensive and has a high metabolic cost |
| What is an advantage of being a regulator? | The organism can function independently of the (most) external conditions and exploit a wider range of habitats |
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