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What type of epithelium is the gingiva made of?
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Name two types of gingiva that are keratinized or parakeratinized.
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Perio.2
Ch 2 Microscopic Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of epithelium is the gingiva made of? | stratified squamous epithelium (flat cells arranged in several layers) |
| Name two types of gingiva that are keratinized or parakeratinized. | outer surface of the *free gingiva *attached gingiva |
| What are the four layers of keratinized or parakeratinized gingiva? | 1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum corneum |
| Which layer of epithelium in the oral cavity may contain melanocytes? | stratum basale |
| Which layer of epithelium in the oral cavity may contain keratinocytes and Langerhans cells? | stratum spinosum |
| How is nonkeratinized epithelium different than keratinized? | *has nuclei *more permeable to fluids, bacteria & toxins |
| Where is nonkeratinized epithelium found in the oral cavity? | *sulcular epithelium *interdental col tissue *Jnctional epithelium (JE) |
| How is the sulcular epithelium affected because it is not keratinized? | it is permeable & fluid & leukocytes move from connective tissue into the sulcus; also allows bacteria & byproducts to pass into gingival tissue |
| What is the easiest point of entry for bacterial to invade the connective tissue of the gingiva? | The Junctional epithelium because it is nonkeratinized. |
| How do the epithelial cells of the JE attach to the tooth surface? | hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to the INTERNAL basal lamina (cell to basal lamina) |
| How do the epithelial cells of the JE attach to the connective tissue? | hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to the EXTERNAL basal lamina (cell to basal lamina) |
| What are desmosomes? | cells that connect two neighboring epithelial cells (cell to cell) |
| Do epithelial cells contain blood vessels? | no, epithelial tissues receive nourishment from blood vessels in connective tissue |
| What is the function of gingival connective tissue of the free and attached gingiva (aka: lamina propria)? | Provides solidity to the gingiva & attaches the gingiva to the cementum & alveolar bone. |
| Name the two components of gingival connective tissue. | 1. Extracellular matrix 2. Cells |
| What are the two components of extracellular matrix of gingival connective tissue? | *protein fibers (collagen fibers) *ground substance (made from carboydrate)& gel like substance |
| Name the different types of cells found in gingival connective tissue. | *fibroblasts *neutrophils *macrophages *lymphocytes |
| What are gingival fiber groups? | collagen fiber bundles that reinforce the PDL |
| Name the 9 gingival fiber groups. | *alveologingival *dentogingival *circular *periostogingival *intergingival *intercircular *interpapillary *transgingival *transseptal fiber bundles |
| What do the alveologingival fiber bundles do? | attach gingiva to the bone |
| What do the dentogingival fiver bundles do? | attach gingiva to the teeth |
| What do the circular fiber bundles do? | encircle the tooth & connect adjacent teeth to one another |
| What do periostogingival fiber bundles do? | attach gingiva to the bone (causes stippling effect) |
| What do intergingival fiber bundles do? | extend in a mesiodistal direction link adjacent teeth into a dental arch unit |
| What do intercircular fiber bundles do? | encircle several teeth & link adjacent teeth into a dental arch unit |
| What do interpapillary fiber bundles do? | connect the oral & vestibular interdental papillae of posterior teeth |
| What do transgingival fiber bundles do? | keep teeth in alignment - cementum of one tooth to cementum of adjacent tooth including bone |
| What do transseptal fiber bundles do | keep teeth in alignment - cementum of one tooth over alveolar bone to cementum of adjacent tooth |
| What is the biologic width? | The distance from the base of the sulcus to the alveolar bone. |
| What is the length of the biologic width? | approximately 2mm (it's always constant) =1mm JE + 1mm space of supragingival fiber groups |
| What role does biologic width play in dental restorations? | if a crown margin is placed to close to the bone and doesn't allow the appropriate biologic width it will cause localized bone loss. |
| Define periodontal ligament. | thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue located between the tooth and its bony socket. |
| Name the components of the PDL. | *fiber bundles *Cells (fibroblasts w/cementoblasts & osteoblasts) *extracellular matrix *blood vessels & nerve supply |
| What are the functions of the PDL? | *supportive function (attaches tooth to bone) *sensory function *nutritive function (to cementum & bone) *formative function (cementoblasts &osteoblasts) *resorptive function (osteoclasts-resorb bone) |
| Name the fiber bundles of the PDL. | *alveolar crest *horizontal *oblique *apical *interradicular fiber groups |
| What do alveolar crest fiber groups do? | (run diagonal dir) resists horizontal movements of the tooth |
| What do horizontal fiber groups do? | (right angle to long axis of tooth) resists horizontal movements of the tooth |
| What do oblique fiber groups do? | (run diagonal dir) resists vertical pressures that threaten to drive the root into its socket) |
| What do apical fiber groups do? | (apical-diagonal dir.) secure tooth to socket & resists forces that might lift the tooth out of the socket |
| What do interradicular fiber groups do? | (only in multirooted teeth) stablize tooth in its socket |
| Define Sharpey's Fibers. | The ends of the PDL fibers that are embedded in the cementum and alveolar bone. |
| What is cementum? | calcified layer of connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| What is the function of cementum? | 1. seals & covers open dentinal tubules & protects underlying dentin 2. attaches the periodontal fibers to the tooth 3. forms new cementum & compensates for attrition |
| What are the components of mature cementum? | 1. mineralized intercewllular substance (hydroxyapatite crystals & organic matrix-ground substance & collagen fibers) 2. cementocytes |
| Name the two types of cementum. | 1. acellular (never changes) 2. cellular (gets bigger throughout life of tooth) |
| What % of cases does cementum overlap enamel at the CEJ? | 60 |
| What % of cases does cementum meet enamel at the CEJ? | 30 |
| What % of cases is there a gap between cementum and enamel @ CEJ? | 10 |
| What is the alveolar bone made of? | mineralized connective tissue made by osteoblasts |
| T/F bone formation only occurs during development? | False, alveolar bone is constantly undergoing periods of formation & resorption. |
| Name the components of alveolar bone. | *mineralized extracellular matrix (hydroxyapatite crystals, collagen fibers & ground substance) 2 cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts & osteoclasts) 3. blood, lymph vessels & nerves |
| What tissue serves as a covering tissue for the outer surfaces of the body and a lining tissue for body cavities such as the mouth, stomach, and intestines? | Epithelial tissue |
| Which tissue fills the spaces between the tissues and organs of the body? | Connective tissue |
| Which epithelial layer comprises cells with nuclei tht act as a cushion against mechanical stress and wear? | nonkeratinized layer |
| Epithelial cell junctions are cellular structures that can attach to... | epithelial cell to a neighboring epithelial cell or epithelial cell to a basal lamina |
| What is the function of cell junction? | allow cells to bind together to function as a strong structural unit |
| What is a cell junction that connects an epithelial basal cell to the basal lamina called? | Hemidesmosome |
| T/F In MOST places in the body, the epithelium meets the connective tissue in a wavy uneven junction. | True |
| What are the deep extensions of epithelium that reach down into the connective tissue called? | Epithelial ridges |
| T/F Connective tissue comprises a gellike substance, fibers, and few cells. | True |
| T/F The sulcular and junctional epithelium are keratinized epithelial tissues. | False |
| What is the epithelium that forms the base of the sulcus and joins the gingiva to the tooth called? | Junctional epithelium |
| In the junctional epithelium, epithelial cells attach to neighboring epithelial cells via... | Desmosomes |
| The junctional epithelium attaches to the tooth surface via what? | Hemidesmosomes and the internal basal lamina |
| The junctional epithelium attaches to the connective tissue via what? | Hemidesmosomes and the external basal lamina |
| The biologic width is the distance from the (a) to the (b)? | (a) JE (b) crest of the alveolar bone |
| The periodontal ligament is a thin sheet of fibrous tissue located between the (a) and the (b) | (a) tooth (b) bony socket |
| T/F An important function of the cementum of the tooth is to attach the periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth. | True |
| T/F Alveolar bone is mineralized connective tissue? | True |
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riodentalhygiene