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Ancient Rome
Key Ideas and Terms from the Ancient Rome Unit.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Etruscans | ancestors of the Romans; came to Italy after starving in Asia Minor |
| Romulus | founder of Rome who became king; killed his brother in a dispute over the size of the city walls |
| Remus | founder of Rome who was killed by his brother |
| Palatine Hill | Place where the she-wolf Lupa raised the twin brothers. Eventually became the site of the the new city of Rome. |
| Rhea Silvia and Mars | Birth Parents of Romulus and Remus. |
| Sabines | tribe whose women were stolen by the men of Rome |
| tebenna | clothing that later became the Roman toga |
| April 21, 753 BCE | date of the founding of Rome according to legend |
| consul | one of two executive leaders of the Roman Republic; served for one year and ran the government and army. Typically a military leader. |
| veto | means "I forbid" and could be used to stop the passage of laws |
| Senate | group of 300 wealthy male citizens who served for life and proposed laws |
| praetor | leader who ran the court system in the Roman Republic |
| Twelve Tables | foundation of all laws used during the Roman Republic |
| patricians | wealthy aristocrats and landowners. Originally the only people allowed to be senators. |
| plebeians | poor and working class people: soldiers, artists, farmers, craftsmen. Allowed to participate in government only by voting. |
| SPQR | Senatus Populusque Romanus: motto of the Roman Republic |
| tribunes | leaders chosen to watch out for the rights of the plebeians in the government of the Roman Republic |
| Punic Wars | three wars fought between Carthage and Rome |
| Hannibal | leader of Carthage during the 2nd Punic War. Was exiled and committed suicide after his defeat. |
| Augustus | first emperor of Rome; defeated Marc Antony; once called Octavian; ruled for over 40 years |
| Pax Romana | period of peace time under Augustus |
| Praetorian Guard | security guards of the emperor who often determined who would be the next emperor |
| Caligula | One of Rome's worst rulers. Known for his madness and brutality. Was killed by his own Praetorian Guard. |
| Claudius | Became Emperor after Caligula's death. Born with a childhood illness. Conquered Britain during his reign. |
| Colosseum | Roman arena used for public entertainment; could hold 50,000 people and be filled with water for mock naval battles |
| Forum | Roman marketplace |
| Nero | Known for his cruelty and greed. Persecuted Christians. Very artistic and liked to play music. Was sentenced to death by Senate, but committed suicide instead. |
| Cincinnatus | Roman statesman who was given total power to defend Rome; defeated the enemy and gave up all power |
| Julius Caesar | general who conquered Gaul and Egypt; asked to be voted dictator for life, but was killed by the Senate because he threatened their power |
| Brittania | northernmost province of the Roman Empire; now called the United Kingdom |
| Gaul | modern-day France; conquered by Julius Caesar |
| Carthage | north African empire defeated by the Romans in the Punic Wars |
| Latin | language that unified the provinces of the Roman Empire |
| 120,000,000 | number of people in the Roman Empire at its height |
| 2,200,000 | number of square miles in the Roman Empire at its height |
| public baths | place of exercise, socializing, and discussing politics |
| villa | large home for wealthy patricians |
| Festival of Saturnalia | public holiday where Romans gambled, played games, and ate; dedicated to the god Saturn |
| Jesus Christ | born and lived in the Roman province of Judea |
| Gospels | writings about the "good news" Jesus spread to his disciples |
| crucifixion | Roman practice of torture where a person is nailed to a cross |
| foreign mercenaries | soldiers from areas outside the Roman Empire that were hired for the army |
| barbarians | tribes who attacked the Roman Empire: Vandals, Visigoths, Huns |
| Byzantine Empire | eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived until the 1400's when the western half fell to the barbarians |
| war elephants | animals used by Hannibal of Carthage to attack Rome |
| checks and balances | safeguards in the government of the Roman Republic so that no one had too much power |
| Hadrian | Great Traveler. Realized Rome was to large to defend and pulled armies back to defensive points. Created Hadrian's wall in in Britain. |
| Constantine | Known as Constantine the Great. First christian emperor. Reunited the Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire during his reign. |
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