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B4 Bioenergetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the word equation for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide + water > light> glucose + oxygen |
| What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 +6H2O>light> C6H12O6+6O2 |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | In the chloroplasts |
| Is photosynthesis endo or exotermic? | Endothermic- energy is transferred from the environment |
| What are the main five ways plants use glucose? | For respiration, making cellulose, making amonio acids, stored as oil or fats or stored as starch |
| Why does plant use glucose for reapiration? | This transfers energy from glucose which enables the plants to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances |
| Why does plant use glucose for making cellulose? | Glucose is converted to cellulose for making strong plant cell walls |
| Why does plants use glucose for making amino acids? | Glucose is combines with nitrate ions to make into amino acids which are then made into proteins |
| Why does plants use glucose for storing oils or plants | Glucose is turned to lipids for storing in seeds |
| Why does plants use glucose for storing starch? | glucose is turned into starch and stored into and stored in roots, stems and leaves , ready for use when photosynthesis isn't happening (like in the winter) |
| why is storing starch better than storing tons of glucose? | starch is insoluble whilst glucose is not, a cell with lots of glucose would draw in loads of water and swell up |
| what are the three limiting factors of the rate of photosynthesis? | intensity of light, concentration of CO2 and temperature |
| define 'limiting factor' | a limiting factor is basically just a factor that stops the photosynthesis from happening any faster. |
| how can chlorophyll also be a limiting factor? | the amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease. this can cause the chlorophylls to be damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll, rate of photosynthesis is reduced due to low light |
| what provides the energy for photosynthesis? | light |
| why is temperature a limiting factor? | if the temp is too slow, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperatures |
| what happens to the enzymes if the plant gets too hot? | |
| distance and light intensity are.... | |
| how is the inverse square law written out? | light intensity ('fish' symbol) 1/d squared |
| what is used to artificially create the ideal environment for plants | the plants are grew in a greenhouse |
| what do greenhouses do that make sure that the temperature doesn't become limiting? | greenhouses help to trap the sun's heat |
| what can a farmer do in the greenhouse to keep the temp at ideal level ? | in winter- heater summer- shades and ventilation to cool things down |
| what can a farmer put in their greenhouse to supply light even after the sun goes down? | farmers can use an artificial lights |
| how can a farmer adjust the carbon dioxide level ideal? | by using a paraffin heater |
| what is one advantage of putting plants in a greenhouse? | enclosing the plants will keep them away from diseases and animals that may harm them. |
| what is one disadvantage of putting plants in a greenhouse? | high costs- you can easily waste hundreds of money if the ideal level of the factor is altered by even a little bit and damages the plant |
| what is respiration? | the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose and then it goes to every cell in your body |
| is respiration endo or exothermic ? | exothermic- energy is given out to the surroundings |
| three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration: | to build up small molecules to big one used to allow muscle to contract (mammals and birds) keep their body temperature |
| what is metabolism? | all the chemical reactions in an organisms. |
| what do lots of small glucose molecules joined together form? | starch (a storage molecule in plant cells) glycogen (storage molecule in animal cells) cellulose (a component of plant cell walls) |
| what are each lipid molecules made out of? | one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| what is glucose combined with to make amino acids? | glucose is combined nitrate ions to make amino acids which are then made into proteins. |
| what is excess protein broken down into ? | excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea which is then excreted in urine. |
| what is aerobic respiration? | respiration using oxygen- this goes on all the time in plants and animals. |
| where does most of the reaction in aerobic respiration happen? | in the mitochondria |
| what is the word equation for aerobic respiration? | glucose + oxygen >>> carbon dioxide + water |
| what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration ? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6CO2 + 6H20 |
| what is anaerobic respiration? | respiration without oxygen- it is the incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid |
| what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? | glucose >>> lactic acid |
| what is an example of when anaerobic respiration is used in the body? | when you do vigorous exercise, your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles |
| why doesn't anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic equation? | because the glucose isn't fully oxidised |
| which products are made when plants and yeast respire anaerobically? | they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid |
| what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells? | glucose >>> ethanol + carbon dioxide |
| what is anaerobic respiration in yeasts called? | fermentation |
| what are the two uses of the fermentation of yeast? | in bread-making, it is the carbon dioxide from fermentation that makes the bread rise. in beer and wine-making, it is the fermentation process that produces alcohol (ethanol) |
| when you exercise you respire (less/more) | more |
| why is more energy needed when exercising? | when you exercise, some of your muscles contract more frequently than normal so you need more energy |
| the increase in respiration in your cells means... | you need to get more oxygen into them. |
| why does your breathing rate and breath volume increase when exercising? | to get more oxygen into the blood |
| why does your heart rate increase when exercising? | to get oxygenated blood around the body quicker- this removes CO2 more quickly at the same time |
| why isn't respiring anaerobically not the best way to transfer energy from the glucose ? | because lactic acid build up which gets painful. |
| long periods of exercise also cause .. | |
| what is oxygen debt? | is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build-up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells. |
| why does someone who has been exercising vigorously have to keep taking deep breaths? | to get more oxygen into the blood which can then be transported to the muscle cells |
| which two factors stay high whilst there are high levels of lactic acid and CO2 | the pulse and breathing rate |
| what is the other way that your body uses to cope with high levels of lactic acid? | the blood that enters your muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver . in the liver the lactic acid is converted back to glucose |
| how can you measure breathing rate? | by counting your breaths |
| how can you measure heart rate? | by counting the pulse |
| how does the intensity of the exercise affect your pulse rate? why? | as the intensity increases, your pulse rate increases this is because your body needs to get more oxygen to the muscles and take more carbon dioxide away from the muscle |
Created by:
vianca2200