click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Vet 110 Chapter 3
Life Science Vet 110 Chapter 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Complex organisms are made up of what? | Cells |
This can grow, reproduce, adapt, maintain homeostasis, eat and eliminate. | Cells |
This carries genetic material that determines future development, and specialization | Cells |
What are Specializations? | Variable shapes and adaptions of cells that make them really good at their particular job. |
Example of Specializations are...? | RBC's and Skeletal muscular fibers |
This has no true nucleus, is unicellular, and was the only form of life 1.5 billion years and is usually bacteria. | Prokaryotes |
This has a true nucleus and is found in all multicellular organisms. | Eukaryotes |
Do Prokaryotes still make proteins? | Yes. |
This has a nucleiod region, contains DNA but not an arranged nucleus. | Prokaryotes |
This can be unicellular or multicellular, has a true nucleus. | Eukaryotes |
This has ATP and is found in plants and animals | Mitochondria |
Do smaller cells require less nutrition than larger cells? | Yes. |
True or False. A small cell with a large surface area can complete its metabolic functions more rapidly, and efficiently than a larger cell. | True. |
True or False. A single nucleus can control the metabolic activity of smaller cells better than a larger cell. | True. |
True or False. The more active the cell the greater the metabolic need. | True. |
This person found out about cells in 1665 while looking at a piece of cork. | Robert Hooke |
This is a plasma membrane. | Plasmalemma |
This is the elastic barrier between the inner cytoplasim and everything else. | Cell Membrane |
Can the Cell Membrane repair itself? | Yes, within reason. |
These allow passage of water and other molecules with no resistance. | Pores. |
These are bound to the inside and outside surface of the cell membrane, they do not go all the way thru the cell, can sometimes act as an enzyme or a catalysts, and often are involved in the dramatic changes in morphology | Peripheral Proteins |
This is a sugar coating on cells and are on the outside and inside of cells. | Glycocalyx, glycolipids + glycoproteins |
What are Glycoproteins? | Sugar and proteins |
What are Glycolipids? | Sugar and phospholipids |
This improves cell to cell adhesion and represents an important biological marker for intercellular recognition and for the interactions between cells and antibodies and viruses | Glycocalyx |
This is composed of 2 families, the CAM's and Membrane Receptors. | Glycocalyx |
What are CAM's and where are they located? | Cell Adhesion Molecules, outside of cell. |
True or false. Glycoproteins DO NOT cover the surface of most all cells. | FALSE, They DO cover the surface of most all cells. |
These allow them to bond to extracellular molecules and each other. | CAM's |
True or False. CAM's other function is to communicate to others. | True. |
This is composed of 2 families, the CAM's and Membrane Receptors. | Glycocalyx |
What are CAM's and where are they located? | Cell Adhesion Molecules, outside of cell. |
True or false. Glycoproteins DO NOT cover the surface of most all cells. | FALSE, They DO cover the surface of most all cells. |
These allow them to bond to extracellular molecules and each other. | CAM's |
True or False. A CAM's other function is to communicate to other more moble cells. | True. |
This process is happens when signaling WBC's to come to the rescue in areas of inflammation | Chemotaxis |
True or False. CAM's are also important in helping cells move past one another and in signaling circulating cells such as WBC'sto areas of inflammation and circulation. | True. |
These decide what molecules go in and out of the cell. | Cell Memrane |
These consist of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, miscellaneous lipids, and carbs. | Cell Membrane |
This is not visable under a light mircoscope, it needs an electronscope. | Cell Membranes |
What are these 2 layers of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) reaction to water? | Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic |
True or false. Proteins that are suspended in this bilayer can move easily throughout. | True. |
What is the consistency and complexity of the membrane based on? | The function of the cell. |
Most of this layer is made up of soluble materials such as O2 and CO 2. | Lipid Bilayer |
Cholesterol comes into play when these ionized and water soluble molecules which are not lipid soluble and do not pass easily thru. What are the molecules? | Amino acids, sugars, and proteins |
These are either within the lipid bilayer or on the cell surface. | Globular Proteins |
These are responsible for special functions. | Structural and globular proteins |
These proteins go straight thru the cell. | Integral proteins |
True or False. Those proteins within the lipid bilayer span the entire width of teh membrane and create channels that allow molecules to pass. | True. |
These consists of Integral and Glycoproteins, acts as binding sites on the cell's surface, and is important for cell to cell recgonition. | Membrane Receptors |
True or false. Membrane receptors are able to perform contact signaling. This is important during cell mediated immune response and assists bacteria and viruses in finding preferred targets. | True. |
True or False. When preforming this immune response, membrane receptors assist bacteria and viruses that act as enzymes to activate or inactivate a particular cellular activity. | True. |
There are BOTH moving 'hair like' structures. | Flagella and Cilia |
True or False. Flagella and Cilia do the same thing. | False. They do different things. |
True or False. Flagella and Cilia both are extensions of the plasma membrane. | True |
True or False. Only Cilia extends into the extracellular space. | False. BOTH Cilia and Flagella extend into the extracellular space. |
These are composed of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 1 pair of microtubules. | Flagella and Cilia. |
True or False. Both Flagella and Cilia orignate from a pair of basal bodies just under the cell membrane. | True. |
These are many and live on the surface of the cell. They move all in one motion, one after the other, creatiing waves of motion that propel fluid, mucus, and other debrise. These are seen in the upper and lower reperitory tract. | Cilia |
This is two functions of Cilia. | 1. Clear upper respiratory tract2. Pulling the ovulated egg into the oviduct |
This occurs by itself and looks like a tail. | Flagella |
This moves cells thru fluid. | Flagella |
An example of this is sperm. | Flagella |
This is EVERYTHING in a cell, except the nucleus. | Cytoplasm |
These are the 5 components of cytoplasm. | Cytosol, Cytoskeletion, Organelles, Inclusions, and Parabasal Cells. |
This is the fluid of the cell. | Cytosol |
This contains electrolytes, amino acids, and simple sugars. | Cytosol |
True or false. Proteins are important in metabolic activities in cells. | True. |
This gives strength and form to the cell and cytosol. | Cytoskeleton |
This is a 3D frame for the cell, it is supportive but flexable. | Cytoskeleton |
This anchors the orgenelle. | Cytoskeleton |
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 types of fibers, what are they? | 1. microtubules2. intermediate fibers3. microfiliments |
These are the thickest par of teh protiens, long, hollow tubes that grow outward from the cell centernear the nucleus. | Microtubules |
These form cables for the mitochondria and lysosomes to anchor. | Microtubules |
These act as "railroad tracts" for organelle travel and are flexible and are able to form new paths during times of cellular change. | Microtubules |
These are rope like fibors with high tensile strength. | Intermediate fibers |
These resist pulling forces in the cell | Intermediate Fibers |
These are the toughest most permanent part of oteh cytoskeleton. | Intermediate Fibers |
These can be made of different proteins, and take on different functions depending on teh type of cell in which they are found. | Intermediate Fibers |
These fibers can take on different names such as tonofilament when referring to epithelial cells or neurofilaments when referring to nerve cells | Intermediate Fibers. |
These are found on the cell's surface, on the CYTOPLASMIC SIDE of the membrane. | Microfilaments |
These are arragned in bundles and meshwork. | Microfilaments |
These are assembled when and where needed the most in cells. | Micofilaments |
These are really important for shape changes such as cell division. | Microfilaments |
Depending on the cell activity, these vary in position and quantity within the cell. | Microfilaments |
There are all the little organs within a cell. | Organelles |
These are membrane bound structures within the cytoplasm. | Organelles |
Each of these has it's own independent environment and function. | Organelles |
These are similar in composition to those in the plasma membrane but do not have glycocalyx coatings. | Organelles |
True or false. Each organelle is separated from the cytosol and is able to maintain its own internal environment. | True |
True or false. With organelles, the seperations from the cytosol is crucial for effective metabolic process b/c it enables the cell to separate and control various molecular interactions. | True |
This is the largest of the ogranelles and is the "powerhouse" of the cell. | Mitochondria |
This produces 95% of the energy needed to fuel the cell. | Mitochondria |
True or False. Mitochondria is teh site of biochemical reactions. | True. |
True or False. With Mitochondria, the amino and fatty acids catabolism (break down). | True. |
True or False. With Mitochondria, respiratory electrons transport and phosphorylation, the building of the phosopholipid layer in the cell occurs. | True. |
This is the process when mitochondria divides itself by pinching itself in half when cellular requirements for energy increases. | Fission |
This is made up of a nuclear envelope, nucleoplasma, chromatin, and nucleoli. | Nucleus |
True or false. The nucleus is separated from the cytosol by a nuclear envelope or membrane that is made up of one lipid bilayers. | False. The nucleus is separated by 2 lipid bilayers |
What percentage of the nuclear surface is made up of pores which is the primary means of communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleus? | 10% |
True or False. Due to the size of the nuclear pores, molecules move freely into the nucleus. | True |
What moves INTO the nucleus from the cytoplasm? | Protein molecules |
What moves OUT of the nucleus? | RNA |
This is the space between the bilayers of the nuclear envelope. | Preinuclear cisterna |
This is like cytosol in a cell but is in the nucleus. | Nucleoplasm |
These are chains of nucleotides. | DNA and RNA |
These contain a nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugars, and a phosphate group | Nucleotides |
This is deoxribonucleic acid. | DNA |
DNA is in what shape or form? | Double helix |
This has Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine. | DNA |
This does not contain Uracil. | DNA |
In DNA these two sugars can only bond with each other. | Cytosine and Guanine, Thymine and Adenine |
This is Ribonucleic acid | RNA |
What shape or form does RNA take? | Single strand |
This has Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil | RNA |
This does not contain Thymine. | RNA |
In RNA these two sugars can only bond with each other. | Cytosine and Guanine, Uracil and Adenine |
These are nucleotides that are linked to form the backbone of alternating sugars and phosphate groups. | DNA and RNA |
These project out of the "backbone" | Nitrogenous bases |
This is made up of DNA (Genetic material) and histones (globular proteins). | Chromatin |
This is made up of 8 units of histone protein and a single strand of DNA. | Chromatin |
True or False. The DNA strand winds around the histones. | True. |
This keeps DNA strands organized, exposes different genes at different times to decide what proteins get made, and are responsible for gene regulation. | Histones. |
This happens when the shape of a gene has changed and the histones are exposed to different genes at different times. | Gene Regulation |
What determines what proteins will be made by a cell? | The exposed genes |
True or false. DNA contains all of the important instructions required for synthesis of proteins. | True. |
These are condensed chromatin that coils into a "X" shape object during cell division (or "Y" shape in males). | Chromosomes |
These chromatin coils into tight fibers to protect and save space when not being used to make proteins. | Chromosomes |
These are called extended chromatin when strands of chromatin are active in protein synthesis and become uncoiled. | Chromosomes |
During cell division what condenses into "X" shaped structures called chromosomes. | Chromatin |
These are small, dark-staining patches when looked at up close. | Nucleoli |
True or false. The nucleoli is the site of synthesis of lysosomes. | FALSE. Ribosomes subunits |
These subunits are released, then assembled in the cytoplasm, what are they called? | Functional Ribosomes |
True or false. The Nucleoli contains DNA that governs the synthesis of ribosomeal RNA | True. |
This water that is INSIDE the CELL. | Intracellular fluid |
This is water that is OUTSIDE the CELL. | Extracellular fluid |
This is water that is found IN TISSUES, rather than lymph or blood vessels. | InterSTITIAL fluid |
This is water that is found IN the BLOOD VESSELS or LYMPHATICS. | IntraVASCULAR fluid |
True or false. The plasma membrane separates the intracellular world from the extracellular world by strictly regulating what substances make it into or out of the cell. | True. |
These are charged particles | Ions. |
These are positively (+) charged ions | Cations |
These are negatively (-) charged ions | Anions |
Both -/+ ions conduct an electrical current in a solution and they are called what? | Electrolytes |
What are electrolytes? | ALL ions. |
These are also electrolytes, they dissociate in water and conduct electrical impulses. They are associated with the pH scale. | Acids and Bases. |
These release hydrogen ions (H+) when in a solution. | Acids |
These release hydroxyl ions (OH-) when in a solution. | Bases. |
These are "Proton Receivers" | Bases |
These are "Proton Donors" | Acids |
This pH is ranged 0-7, it has lots of H+ ions and few OH- ions. This has gastric juices in this range as well as beer and pickles. | Acidic |
This pH range is 7. It contains equal concentration of H+ and OH-. It is what pure water is. Blood is slightly higher. | Neutral (7 on pH scale) |
True or false. Bodily fluids that are rich in H+ or OH- and their proportion to one another determines the acidity or alkalinity (basic) of the fluid. | True. |
This pH range is 7-14. It contains few H+ ions and many OH- ions. It contains bleach and over cleaner on it's scale. | Alkalinity (Basic) |
This is the "Gate Keeper" of what gets in and out of the cell. | Cell membrane |
This allows some molecules to pass, but not others, the tissue fluids are loaded with electrolytes, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids (AA), regulatory hormones, and dissolved gasses. | Cell Membrane |
This is energy in motion. This movement is increase in warmer temps and slower in cooler temps. | Kinetic energy. |
This is responsible for taking in nutrients, expelling waste, and releasing products produced in the cell. | Cell Membrane. |
True or false. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing somethings to pass without question, excluding things completely, and letting in other occasionally w/ or w/o an escort. | True. |
This process does not require ATP, is involved with Facilitated diffusion, (as well as normal diffusion) osmosis, and filtration. | Passive Process |
This requires ATP, is involved with transport, as well as endocytosis, and exoctosis. | Active process |
This is the spectrum between the area with the MOST molecules and the are with the FEWEST molecules. | Concentration gradient |
This is when molecules move from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration, it's movement is DOWN the concentration gradient, and relies on temperature (faster in warmer temps). | Diffusion |
These 3 variable help decide if this action takes place, size of molecule, solubility, and the molecule's charge. | Diffusion |
True or false, H20 cal pass through the cellular membrane easily, while glucose cannot. | True |
These types of molecules are considered what type of solubility? (Alcohol, steroids, oxygen) | Lipid solubile |
True or false. The charge of the ion can prevent easy passage into the cell membrane. | True |
There are specialize pores call what that allow certain ions through. (EX. sodium ___, chloride ___, potassium___.) | Channels |
This allows some large molecules and nonlipid-soluble molecules to pass through the cell membrane. They need the assistance of an integral protein or carrier protein located in the bilayer. | Facilitated Diffusion |
In this type of diffusion, a molecules outside the cell binds to a carrier protein and then changes its shape so the molecule is able to pass though the membrane to enter the cell. | Facilitated Diffusion |
This type of diffusion requires no energy. | Facilitated Diffusion |
This molecule is used when blood sugar becomes high enough that all the carrier proteins are being used. | Glucose |
True or False. Hormones such as insulin play an important role in controlling the activity of glucose specific carriers and can act on them to slow down their rate of transport. | False. The rate of transport SPEEDS up. |
This type of diffusion take place when small, lipid-soluble molecules pass through the cell membrane unassisted and it also depends on the concentration gradient. | Simple Diffusion |
This is a the passive movement in which WATER from an area of lesser concentration moves to an area of higher concentration. | Osmosis |
True or false. Water moves from the diluted solution to the concentrated solution when two different concentrations of solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane. | True |
This is the process of which water wants the same concentration of solution on both sides of a semipermeable membrane. | Equilibrium |
This is the force of water moving from one side of the membrane to the other side. | Osmotic Pressure. |
This is a certain type of process in which diffusion and osmosis have the same goal. | Passive Process |
In what process is molecules moving? | Diffusion |
In what process is water moving? | Osmosis |
This is when the concentration of extracellular fluid = the concentration of dissolved substances in the intracellular fluid | Isotonic |
This is the process in which the concentration of extracellular fluid is LESS THAN the intracellular fluid. | Hypotonic |
This is the process in which the concentration of extracellular fluid is GREATER THAN that of the intracellular fluid | Hypertonic |
True or false. In Osmosis, the isotonic fluid, moves freely in and out of the cells and the cell stays normal in shape and size. | True |
True or false. If the extracellular fluid is is hypotonic, water will rush into the cell, the cell will expand and possibly rupture. | True. |
True or False. If the extracellular fluid is hypertonic, then water will rush out of the cell, the cell will shrink. | True. |
Is hypotonic and hypertonic good? | No. |
This is the last passive process. | Filtration |
This is the force that pushes a liquid. | hydrostatic pressure |
In animals hydrostatic pressure has a different name, what is it? | Blood Pressure |
True or false, blood pressure is determined by the lungs? | FALSE. It is determined by the heart. |
This is based on a pressure gradient rather than a concentration gradient to drive the activity of molecules. | Filtration |
In what organ is the example of filtration best evident? | Kidney |
These are examples of what? Water, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Cholrine, and Urea. | Diffusion |
This is a type of diffusion that requires a protein and it's speed is based on the number of carrier molecules. | Facilitated Diffusion |
This example is an example of what type of diffusion? Movement of glucose from muscles to fat. | Facilitated Diffusion |
This is the process in which nutrients are brought in and waste is kicked out. | Cytosis |
True or Fasle. Cytosis does not require energy. | FALSE. It requires ATP |
This is the type of cytosis in which matter in going into the cell. | Endocytosis |
This is the type of cytosis in which matter is going out of the cell. | Endocytosis |
This process engulfs large particles, liquids, and even other cells. The plasma membrane turns in on itself, engulfs, the particle or liquid, and form a vesicule by closing the cell membrane around it and involves phagocytosis adn pinocytosis. | Endocytosis |
This is the process known as cell "eating". | Phagocytosis |
This is a membrane bound vesicle. | Phagosome |
This is the process called cell "drinking" in which the cell ingests the extracellular fluid. | Pincoytosis |
These use false feet to enable cells to move throughout the tissues. | Pseudopod |
This is the process of exporting materials from teh inside of the cell, to the outside of the cell. | Exocytosis |
This is the process in which waste is produced in the cell. | Excretion |
This is the process in which there is a exoctosis of manufactured molecules (made molecules). | Secretion |
This process involves a small unfolding of the plasma membrane. Tiny drops of liquid and particles dissolved, which pinch off from the plasma membrane. Eventually the vesicle breaks down and the liquid spills into the surrounding cytoplasma. | Pinocytosis |
True or False. Pinocytosis is important in cells lining the small intestine and cells that line the renal tubules in the kidneys. | True. |
This happens when substance are to be exported are packaged in vesicles by the ER and golgi body. They move through the cytoplasma, fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid. | Exocytosis |
This is the process in which secretion of mucous by the endothelial cells lining the trachea and in the secretion of hormones by teh adrenal and pituitary glands. | Phagocytosis |
This is the most obvious example of this process, an allergic reaction and histamines are released from the mast cell. | Phagocytosis |
True or False. There are charged particles in ALL of the intracellular and extracellular areas of tissues. | True. |
The distribution of what ions generally maintains homostasis? | Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) |
With what type of membrane does the cell use to contribute to the distribution of Na+ and K+? | Selective Permeable |
True or False. When a cell is at rest, the cell is more positive (+) outside than inside? | False. While at rest the cell is more + INSIDE than outside. |
Na+ and K+ maintain the membrane potential/voltage. There are more potassium ions inside cell. How does K+ move out of the cell? | Diffusion via a concentration gradient. |
Na+ and K+ maintain the membrane potential/voltage. Sodium is more concentrated on the outside of the cell. What is the phase in which the inflow of Na+ is lower than the outflow of K+? | Dipolorization Phase |
For every # molecules of Na+ that exit the cell, # of K+ molecules enter. What are the numbers? | 3, 2 |
Life Cycle of the Cell. What two categories of cells that divide? | Reproductive Cells and Somatic Cells. |
What is the name of the division process that reproductive cells go through? | Meiosis |
What is the name of the division process that somatic cells go through? | Mitosis |
What are somatic cells? | All cells in the body EXCEPT FOR REPRODUCTIVE cells. |
Why is Mitosis needed? | For growth and repair |
In Mitosis what is the number of cells that a single cell is divided into? | 2 |
What is the name of these 2 cells that a single cell is divided into? | Daughter Cells |
True or False. Meiosis yields the same number of chromosomes as that of the parent. | False. MITOSIS yields the same number of cells as that of the parent. |
What is the first phase of cell division in the mitosis process? | Interphase |
What is the second phase of cell division in the mitosis process? | Prophase |
What is the third phase of cell division in the mitosis process? | Metaphase |
What is the fourth phase of cell division in the mitosis process? | Anaphase |
What is the fifth phase of cell division in the mitosis process? | Telophase |
What phase is it when cells are between the division phases? | Interphase |
This is the phase in which the cell grows and matures. | Interphase |
This phase is = to a metabolic phase | Interphase |
This phase is further divided into sub phases, growth 1, a synthetic phase, and growth 2. | Interphase |
In this phase, the nucleus and nucleoli can be seen, the chromatin pattern is loose, and the centrioles are replicating. | Interphase |
At this subdivision of Interphase, cellular growth and intense metabolic activity is occurring. The number of organelles are doubling and in turn is doubling the cell in size. | Growth 1 (G1) |
At this subdivision of Interphase, centrioles replicate in anticipation of cell division. | G1 |
At this subdivision of Interphase, DNA replicates and will also synthesize. Histones are formed and made into chromatin to duplicate genetic information. It also progresses faster than G1. | Synthetic phase |
At this subdivision of Interphase, the synthesis of proteins and enzymes are starting. This stage is very brief and centrioles have finished their replication by the end of this phase. | Growth 2 (G2) |
In this phase, for cells to divide, copies of DNA must be made, chromosomes are in a more organized arrangement of genetic material. This allows the cell to divide without tangling. | Prophase |
In this phase, mitotic spindles form with centioles at either end. | Prophase |
These are protein discs holding the identical chromatids together to make chromosomes. | Centomeres |
The nuclear envelope has dissolved by the end of this phase. | Prophase |
In this phase, chromatin strands coil and condense to form chromosomes which are linked as the centromere. A spindle apparatus takes form while the nuclear envelope disintegrates. | Prophase |
In this phase, chromosomes are lined up in what is called the equator. The metaphase plate is formed by chromosomes evenly spreading apart midway between the opposite ends of the cell. Each centromere attaches to it's own spindle | Metaphase |
This is formed by chromosomes evenly spreading apart midway between the opposite ends of the cell. | Metaphase Plate |
In this phase chromosomes link up in the center of the spindle and the centromere of each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber | Metaphase |
In this phase, "X" shaped chromosomes are turned into "V" shaped chromosomes. | Anaphase |
In this phase, centromeres split and each chromatid becomes it's own chromosome. | Anaphase |
This phase is the shortest phase in the Mitotic phase. | Anaphase |
In this phase, the chromosomes split. | Anaphase |
In this phase, chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers to form duplicate sets of chromosomes. The cytoplasm starts to constrict at the metaphysical plate. | Anaphase |
This is the final stage of Mitosis. | Telephase |
In this phase, chromosomal movement ends, chromosomes unravel and elongate, returning to the chromatin state. A nuclear envelope surrounds each new set of chromosomes and the cell ultimately pinches itself in half. | Telephase |
In this phase 2 complete daughter cells are formed and are exact duplicates of the parent cells. | Telephase |
In this phase, chromatin begins to unravel at the poles of the cell and a nuclear envelope appears. | Telephase |
This marks the end of telephase. | Cytokinesis |
This is the reproduction of cytoplasma. | Cytokinesis |
This is the process between cell division. | Interphase |
Will cells mostly grow or repair and replace in a young animal? | Grow |
Will cells mostly grow or repair and replace in an older animal | repair and replace |
There are three ways a cell knows when to stop growing. Name them. | Contact Inhibition, Growth Inhibition Substances, and Cell Checkpoints. |
What is cell inhibition? | When a cell starts touching other like cells. "Like a crowded room." |
What is growth inhibition substances? | Chemical messengers that are released from some cells once they reach capacity. |
What are cell checkpoints? | When cells have to "check in" along their development. |
True or false. In cell checkpoints, certain proteins assess the numbers and need of a cell and give permission for division to continue. | True. |
When enough mitosis has occurred, the proteins in cell checkpoints, are destroyed, stopping cell division. | True. |
What is protein synthesis? | When proteins are form using parts of DNA. |
True or false. Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus and then continues in the cytoplasm. | True. |
This type of RNA carries the important genetic code into the cytoplasm from the DNA in protein synthesis. | mRNA |
True or False. When mRNA is in play, it hooks up with a lysome. | False. Ribosome |
True or False. tRNA comes into play carrying amino acids to the ribosome to hook up with bRNA and carries out the synthesis instructions. | False. mRNA |
True or false. When tRNA is at work, the amino acids it carried are not linked together to make specific proteins. | True |
True or False. Reproductive cells have the same DNA that gives them the ability to make every protein need. But they don't, the job of each cell is to dictate the proteins they synthesize. | False. Somatic Cells, not Reproductive Cells. |
These are subunits of DNA. | Genes |
These are made up of one peptide chain. | Genes |
What is a PROMOTER(s)? | Codes that communicate the beginning of the gene. |
What is a TERMINATOR(s)? | Codes that communicate the end of the gene. |
What is Transcription? | The making of mRNA in the nucleus. |
This is the enzyme that attaches to a promoter site and opens or unzips the DNA double helix. | RNA Polymerase |
True or False. In transcription, the DNA is now 2 separate stands with the nitrogen groups exposed. As the DNA is unzipped, RNA nucleotides bind at a match nitrogen group on the DNA. | True. |
True or False. In transcription, RNA nucleotides bond together and form a long chain of tRNA. | False. mRNA |
True or False. In transcription, when the RNA polymerase reaches the promoter, transcription stops and the mRNA strand is complete. | False. Terminator. |
What are the codons that are in DNA. | A > T G > G |
What are the codons that are in RNA. | C > G A > U |
What are codons? | Each group of 3 nucleotides. |
This translates to a specific amino acid, the order of these = the order of the amino acids. | Codons |
These are useless, meaningless codons? | Promoters and Terminators (Introns) |
What are Exons? | Codons that contain useful information. |
This is a type of gene that doesn't now what it is. | Progene |
This is a special type of enzyme that removes the introns and splices together the exons. | Spliceosomes |
True or false. At the final step in translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytosol. | True. |