Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Exam III
Dr. McCracken Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of what type of exercise regime | Aerobic |
| Strong muscle contractions are controlled by___________ | matimal stimulus |
| Describe the factors which affect the strength or force of skeletal muscle contraction | 1.number of muscles stimulate 2.size of fibers 3.frequency of stimulation 4.degreeof muscle stretch |
| Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. | tropinin |
| What is Myoglobin and what does it do? | red pigment that stores oxygen |
| An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the_______ | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| What is a sarcomere? | region of a myofibril between 2 successive Z discs |
| Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by __________ | regenerate ATP |
| After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, what happens to the calcium? | calcium is actively pumped into the extracellular fluid for storage until next contraction |
| The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to: | release calcium causing contraction |
| Which components of the sarcomere are composed of myosin? | myofilaments |
| During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? | attach to exposed binding sits on actin |
| The sheath which surrounds the individual muscle cell is called the ________ | sarcolemma |
| List the factors which can act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction | hormonal activity neurotransmitters, a change in pit of a muscle |
| The term aponeurosis refers to: | tendons that anchor muscle to connective tissue of selection |
| The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is: | myoglobin |
| The contractile units of skeletal muscles are: | myosin and actin |
| The site of calcium regulation in the smooth muscle cell is: | coldomulin at cytoplasmic calcium binding protein |
| One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is a _____________ | sarcomere |
| The functional role of the T tubules is to: | allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell |
| The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to: | move troponin activating the contraction mechanism |
| The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to: | prepare your body for more strenuous activity by increasing blood flow |
| When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in the ____________ period. | refractory |
| In an isotonic contraction, the muscle: | shortens as it contracts |
| The muscle cell membrane is called a(n): | sarcolemma |
| Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Describe them. | striated is voluntary smooth is involuntary |
| The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in what ways? | ca2+ is released |
| Describe the process of smooth muscle contraction | 1.Ca+ ions enter cytosil 2.Ca+ bonds w/ calmodulin 3.activated calmodulin activates the myosin 4. Myosin heads activate 5.form cross bridges 6.cross bridge activity ends |
| Describe the properties of muscle tissue | excitability, contractability, extensibility, elasticity |
| The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching. | I band of sarcomere |
| Muscle tone is: | when skeletal muscles are relaxed but still slightly contracted due to spinal reflexes |
| Describe the sliding filament model of contraction | when skeletal muscles contracts the thin and thick filaments in each sarcomere slide along each other without their shortening, thickening or folding |
| The first thing that stops a contraction after the nerve stops sending ACh is: | acetylcholinesterase destroys Ach, then they are removed from membrane |
| Compare and contrast the molecular changes in a sarcomere during isotonic and isometric contractions | isotonic: makes your limbs -isometric: limbs stay static |
| The most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue is: | excitation |
| Which muscle type has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and no gap junctions? | cardiac muscle |
| Theoretically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, what would happen | no active force can be generated |
| individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter binding.the consequence to skeletal muscle would be: | no contraction at all by nervous mechanism but contraction if stimulated by an external electrode |
| Only ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. | skeletal |
| The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the ________. | tendon |
| Only ________ muscle cells branch. | cardiac |
| A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. | tatunus |
| Define muscle fatigue. | state of physiological inability to contract muscle |
| Briefly, what causes rigor mortis? | dying cells cant exclude calcium, and calcium influx into muscle cells promotes myosin cross bridges causing muscle contraction |
| What ultimately stops a muscle contraction? | muscle fatigue |
| A long-distance runner is about to enter a 5-mile race. Beforehand, he spends several minutes warming up. During the warm-up period, the phenomenon of treppe is occurring in body muscles being used. What is treppe and why does it occur? | when muscle has long period of rest; initial response only half strength; caused by increase of Ca 2+ in sarcoplasm |
| What is the relationship that occurs in the triad of a skeletal muscle cell? | T tubules and SR to provide signals |
| What are caveoli? | deep invaginations of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells |
| How do the three muscle types respond to being stretched? | they contract |
| Scissors demonstrate which type of lever? | first class double lever; the pivot |
| What muscle is responsible for keeping your toes from dragging when walking? | dorsiflexion |
| What is the major factor controlling the manner in which levers work? | momentum |
| Describe muscle fiber arrangement in a pennate muscle: | short and obliquely to central tendon that runs length of muscle |
| What primarily determines the power of a muscle? | the density of the muscles |
| A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement is called: | prime mover |
| When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, you can assume that: | the muscle has 2, 3, or 4, origins respectively |
| The total number of skeletal muscles in the human body is _____________________ | 639 |
| What are the suprahyoid muscles: | muscles above hyoid in throat |
| The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. What is its action? | to stabilize the shoulder joint and help prevent downward location of the numerous and to assist in abduction |
| The extensor carpi radialis brevis has what function | extends the wrist |
| The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called: | sphineters |
| To produce horizontal wrinkles in the forehead, which muscles are involved? | frontal belly |
| Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck? | anterslateral neck muscles |
| Which muscles are involved in crossing one leg over the other while in a sitting position? | the sartorious |
| Which muscles insert by the calcaneal tendon? | gastrocemius, soleus, plantaris |
| If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the: | a lever exerts smaller force of the output arm than exerted in the input arm |
| Which muscles compress the abdomen? | transuersus abdominis |
| A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n): | synergist |
| A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling called the: | buccinator |
| Describe the general nature of movement by skeletal muscles | based on fascicle arrangement |
| In flexing the forearm at the elbow, the antagonist is ________________ | triceps brachii |
| The function of the Orbicularis oris: | to wink |
| Describe a pennate muscle pattern: | short and attach obliquely to central tendon; similar to featlers |
| The extensor digitorum longus has which type of fascicle arrangement? | the action of extension |
| Paralysis of which muscles would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? | ilopsoas |
| Describe a First-class lever: | a form of lever in which the input and output forces are on either side of fulcrum |
| What do geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and stylohyoid have in common? | all involved in eating things |
| Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis are parts of a large muscle mass of the: | medial compartment of the thigh |
| List the muscles is involved in abduction? | teres minor and major coracobrachialis, aconeus, more |
| List the flexors of the thigh? | psoas, illacus, sartorious, vastusrectus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineous |
| Which muscle serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants? | vastus interalls |
| Paralysis of which muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? | quadriceps femoris, hamstrings |
| Which muscles act in plantar flexion? | gastrochemious muscle |
| ________ is a powerful forearm extensor. | triceps brachii |
| The ________ runs deep to the external oblique. | transverses abdominus |
| ________ draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror. | depressor anguli oris |
| ________ is the main chewing muscle. | masseter |
| The pectoralis major has a ________ arrangement of fascicles. | convergent |
| ________ fibers run at right angles to the axis of the muscle. | transverses |
| The quadriceps femoris is composed of three vastus muscles and the ________. | rectus femoris |
| ________ extends the great toe. | extensor hallieus longus |
| Bodybuilders are known for their "great quads." Describe the quadriceps muscles. | consists of four muscles located on anterior of thigh –vastus laterals –vastus intermecius –vastus medials –rectus femorris |
| A woman mentions to her friend that another person on the beach has "great abs." What is she talking about? | rectus abdominus |
| Muscles that act as synergists seem to have valuable functions, especially in stabilizing joints. Briefly explain their function. | move a joint in the same direction as another muscle |
| How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover? How is it the same? | opposes movement; involved in movement |
| A wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys pulled a hamstring muscle. What muscles could be affected and what would the effect be? | difficult to run or walk;(semi-membraneous, semi-tendonous biceps, femoris |
| How can a lever system work at a disadvantage but still be of use to us? | 1st class levers; triceps controlling forearm |
| What muscles are involved in biting and chewing an apple? | masseter, lateral & medial pterygoids, platismus, temporalis, tongue |
| Which muscle is used for normal breathing and which additional muscles are used when performing strenuous exercises? | diaphragm, external castal muscle; adds pectoralis minor and sternocleid mastoid |
| State Ohm's law and describe its relevance to nerve impulses | current=voltage/resistance; tells us voltage proportional to current |
| The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the: | refractory period |
| The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the: | synaspe |
| The role of acetylcholinesterase is to: | breakdown Ach to acetic acid and chlorine |
| The substance released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n): | neurotransmitter |
| Saltatory conduction is made possible by: | the myelin sheath |
| Which ions are actively transported through the cell membrane to establish a resting potential? | K+ and Na+ |
| Describe the measurement of membrane potential. | recorded by inserting electrode inside neuron; then determining potential difference between inside and out, about -70 mv |
| Describe the functioning of the sodium-potassium pump: | pumps 3 Na+ into cell and 2 K+ out of cell |
| Describe the initiation and propagation of an action potential: | signal sent down arion because of influx of Na+ to close Na+ gap |
| Compare and contrast chemical and electrical synapses | electrical are specialized to release and receive chemical neurotransmitters |
| An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with: | hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membrane by K+ or C+ |
| What will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? | single channel will open allowing simultaneous flow of Na+ and K+ |
| When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n): | receptor potential |
| Describe the natureof graded potentials | short lived localized changes in membrane potential that are varied in magnitude |
| A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until: | all Na gates are open |
| In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is: | negatively charged and contains less sodium |
| What would happen if a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon: | impulse would spread bidirectionally |
| That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system. | voluntary |
| ________ are found in the CNS and act as the glue that binds axons and blood vessels to each other. | Neuroglia |
| The gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is called a(n) ________. | neurofibralnodes |
| ________ law is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. | Ohm’s |
| The most common synapse in embryonic nervous tissue is the ________. | electrical synapse |
| When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing. | parallel |
| ________ potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized. | action |
| ________ is a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS, particularly in young adults. | MS |
| When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called ________ summation. | temporal |
| ________ is a neurotransmitter of the CNS that is used by Purkinje cells of the CNS. | Dendrite |
| Define neurotransmitter. Name two amino acid neurotransmitters, two catecholamines, and two peptides. | language of communication for nervous system 1. Endorphins 2. Somotastatin 1. Glutamate 2. Glycine 1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin |
| What function is served by the increased axonal diameter at the nodes of Ranvier? | Myelin wrapped tightly around axon allows for continuous charge |
| Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur. | Chemical signals the dentrites are not getting enough to fire nodes |
| Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an action potential? | helps restore to resting electrical conditions |
| What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | sensory and motor |
| Since all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports? | reflexes |
| How can a single axon respond to several different kinds of events? | axon collaterals (branches); common to have up to 10,000 |
| ATP neurotransmitters have what basic effect on the body? | produces fast excitatory response at certain receptors |
| How can potentially poisonous gasses like NO and CO be used by the body? | neurotransmitters |
| ________ law is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. | Ohm’s |
| The most common synapse in embryonic nervous tissue is the ________. | electrical synapses |
| Define neurotransmitter. Name two amino acid neurotransmitters, two catecholamines, and two peptides. | Language of nervous system and communication 1. Endorphins 2. Somotostatin 1. Glytomate 2. Glycine 1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin |
| What function is served by the increased axonal diameter at the nodes of Ranvier? | myelin is wrapped tight around axon; allows for continuous charge |
| Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur. | chemical signals the dendrites receiving not enough to fire neuron |
| Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an action potential? | helps to restore resting electrical conditions |
| Since all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports? | reflexes |
| Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. | latent |
Created by:
Brison