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Fin Planning 2.2
Theme 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Break Even? | Break-even is the point at which a business is not making a profit or a loss i.e. it is just breaking even |
| What is the Break Even Output? | Break-even output is the number of items that a business must sell to reach this point |
| What is contribution used for? | It has to firstly pay for its own variable costs and then contribute towards the fixed costs. Until there are enough contributions to cover all the fixed costs the business can not start to make a profit |
| What is contribution per unit? | Contribution per unit is the difference between selling price per unit and variable cost per unit |
| What is total contribution? | Total contribution is the difference between total sales revenue and total variable costs |
| What is the formula for contribution? | Contribution = selling price – variable costs |
| What is the formula for Break Even? | Fixed cost / contribution per unit = break-even point |
| What is the Margin of Safety? | Margin of safety is how much actual output is above the break-even level of output |
| Why should Businesses treat break-even with a degree of caution? | It is based on the assumption that costs and revenues will be static, in reality this is not true |
| Break Even can be affected by a change in fixed costs. Give three examples. | (1) Landlord puts rent up (2) Bank changes interest rates (3) Management want pay increase |
| Variable Costs changing can lead to the break even being inaccurate. State three examples. | Raw materials change in price Minimum wage is increased Utility companies change price |
| What are the disadvantages of Break Even? | (1) Its based on predicted costs and revenues (2) Even fixed costs can vary in reality (3) Ignores changes in variable costs or selling price (4) Only indicates the number of sales needed does not ensure actual sales will materialise |
| What are the advantages of Break Even? | (1) Can calculate the level of profit or loss at different levels (2) Can predict the outcome of changing variables (3) Provides a target (4) An integral part of a business plan when seeking to secure finance (5) Aids decision making |
| What are Budgets? | Budgets are financial plans for a future period |
| How often are budgets drawn up? | Budgets are usually drawn up annually and monitored on a monthly basis |
| What is the purpose of budgeting? | (1)Provides a quantifiable target, that can be communicated to interested parties, against which actual outcomes can be measured (2)Helps with planning/forecasting to inform decision making (3)Motivates budget holders due to increased responsibility |
| What is zero based budgeting? | Setting a budget of zero. All departments have to justify any requests for expenditure |
| What is Historical based budgeting? | Setting budgets based on previous year’s . Can be adjusted in line with actual outcomes e.g. if a budget was under spent should it be set lower this year? |
| What is a favourable variance? | A favourable variance is one that is good for the business e.g. if income is higher than budgeted |
| What is an adverse variance? | An adverse variance is one that is bad for the business e.g. when expenditure is higher than budgeted |
| What is a variance? | Variance is the difference between the actual income, expenditure or profit and the figure that had been budgeted |
| What can cause a variance? | Action of competitors Action of suppliers Changes in the economy Internal inefficiency |
| Problems of budgeting? | (1) Dependent upon predictions and forecasts (2) Costs are subject to change (3) Actions of competitors are unknown (4) Managers may lack experience (5) May be subject to bias (6) Take time and effort which itself has an associated opportunity cost |
| What is sales forecasting? | Sales forecasting is the predicting of future sales volume and trends |
| What is the purpose of sales forecasting? | (1) Inform cash-flow forecasts i.e. how much money can the business expect to flow in from sales (2) Predict sales volume and sales revenue (3) Assess ability to break-even (4) Help set budgets |
| What factors affect sales forecasting? | Consumer trends - Goods come in and out of fashion. Difficult to predict what the next trend will be Shopping habits - Online sales e.g. how will this affect who buys what, where and when? Demographics -UK has an ageing population/high net migration |
| What economic variables affect sales forecasting? | (1) Interest rates - If interest rates are low this encourages consumers to spend (2) Employment - The amount of people employed in an economy directly influences spending power, those in employment will have an income to purchase goods and services |
| What are the problems of sales forecasting? | By definition the future is unknown and therefore uncertain Changing external environment Unpredictable events Time frame Past is not a clear indication of the future Lack of perfect information |
| What is Sales Volume? | Sales volume is the amount of sales expressed as a number of units sold |
| What is Sales revenue? | Sales revenue is the amount of sales expressed as the total sum of money spent by consumers |
| What is the formula for Sales Volume? | Sales revenue / selling price |
| What is the formula for Sales revenue? | Selling price x quantity sold |
| What is revenue? | Revenue is the money coming in from the sale of goods and services |
| What are variable costs? | Variable costs change in relation to the number of items produced e.g. raw materials |
| How can total variable costs be calculated? | Variable costs per unit are multiplied by the number of units to calculate total variable costs (TVC) |
| What is the formula for total costs? | TC = FC + TVC |
| Explain how seasonal Variations affect Sales Forecasts | Events such as major religious festivals, holiday periods and annual events impact demand for a wide range of products. For E.g. sales of basic homewares increase when students start university each September |
| How can Fashion affect Sales Forecasts? | Fashion is often led by celebrities their influence can have short-term impacts on sales E.g. Hollywood legend Megan Fox appeared in Sept 2021 at a star-studded event in a Boohoo dress the company’s sales unexpectedly soared by over 400% during that month |
| Describe how Economic Growth can affect a Sales Forecast | (1) During periods of economic growth, increased consumer incomes will lead to higher than forecast sales (2) The opposite will occur during periods of economic slowdown and sales may be less than forecast |
| Explain how Inflation can affect a Sales Forecast | The general increase in prices over time reduces consumers’ spending power. So, firms may revise their sales forecasts downwards during periods of rising inflation. Firms may revise their sales forecasts upwards during periods of falling inflation |
| Describe how an Increase in Interest Rates can affect a Sales Forecast | Businesses that sell products that consumers frequently buy on credit may adjust their sales forecasts downwards E.g. Property sales are set to drop to 1.01billion in 2023 from 1.27b in 2022 causing estate agencies to adjust sales forecasts downwards |
| State three difficulties of Sales Forecasting | (1) The future does not always mirror the past - Tastes change/Fads&Fashion/Economic Factors (2) Too much data - Past sales data/ Government data (3) Interpretation - Bias |
| Give three circumstances where Sales Forecasts are Likely to be Inaccurate | (1) Business is new – a startup (notoriously difficult to forecast sales) (2) Market subject to significant disruption from technological change (3) Demand is highly sensitive to changes in price and income (elasticity) |
| State the formula for average total costs | Total costs/Quantity |
| Define Contribution | It is called contribution as this amount contributes towards paying off the fixed costs of the business. Once the fixed costs have been paid off, then the contribution starts to contribute to the profits of the business |
| State three difficulties of Budgeting | (1) Budgets take time & skill to set, monitor & review (2) The budgeting process can lead to competition & conflict between different business functions (3) Budgeting can encourage managers to focus on the short term rather than long term performance |
Created by:
durquhart1
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