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AP Spanish Lit
vocabulary and important words
| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| no obstante | nevertheless |
| por lo tanto | therefore |
| desarrollar | to develop |
| de hecho | in fact |
| en cambio | in contrast |
| en realidad | actually |
| además | moreover |
| en pocas palabras | in short |
| por otro lado | on the other hand |
| por supuesto | of course |
| por ejemplo | for example |
| ambos | both |
| igualmente | similarly |
| la natalidad | birthrate |
| el pronóstico | forecast |
| la población | population |
| el desafío | challenge |
| infraestructura | infrastructure |
| predecir | to predict |
| la informática | computer science |
| el sitio | website |
| los avances científicos | scientific achievements |
| el progreso | progress |
| el crimen | crime |
| el desempleo | unemployment |
| trabajo comunitario | community work |
| la pobreza | poverty |
| la autoestima | self-esteem |
| las creencias personales | personal beliefs |
| el filántropo | philanthropist |
| el líder | leader |
| la identidad étnica | ethnic identity |
| los valores | values |
| el patrimonio | heritage |
| las raíces | roots |
| portarse bien | behave well |
| la moda | style |
| agraciada | attractive |
| el tratamiento | treatment |
| la armonía | harmony |
| el equilibrio | balance |
| señalar | to point out |
| adquirir | to acquire |
| soler | to be accustomed to |
| merecer | to deserve |
| perdurar | to remain |
| destacar | to stand out |
| concordar | to agree |
| comprobar | to prove |
| ponderar | to analyze |
| acotación | stage direction (common in Golden Age (Burlador)) |
| aféresis | contraction |
| alegoría | allegory |
| alejandrino | alexandrine (14 syllables, stress on 3rd and 6th in each half) |
| aliteración | alliteration |
| ambiente/ambientación/ambientar | mood |
| ambigüedad | ambiguity (La Noche Boca Arriba, otros de Cortázar) |
| anáfora | anaphora |
| analogía | analogy |
| antihéroe | antihero (Lazarillo de Tormes) |
| antítesis | antithesis (juxtaposition) |
| aparte | aside (lots in Burlador) |
| apóstrofe | apostrophe |
| argumento | plot |
| arquetipo | archetype (Don Juan-seductor, Lazarillo-pícaro) |
| arte mayor | More than 8 syllables per line |
| arte menor | 8 or fewer syllables per line |
| asíndeton | asyndeton |
| asonancia | assonance |
| cacofonía | cacophony |
| carpe diem | self-explanatory (Garcilaso de la Vega, Góngora, lots in Renaissance and Baroque) |
| catarsis | catharsis |
| cesura | caesura (pause inside verse) |
| circunlocución | circumlocution |
| clímax | climax |
| comedía | comedy |
| consonancia | consonance |
| copla | (not a couplet!) quatrain with ABCB rhyme scheme |
| cromatismo | chromatism |
| cuarteta | quatrain, ABAB, arte MENOR |
| cuarteto | quatrain, ABBA, arte MAYOR (Garcilaso de la Vega, Argote, Góngora, Quevedo, Villegas) |
| desenlace | denoument |
| diálogo | dialogue (<<like this in stories and novels>>) |
| didáctico | didactic/educational |
| diéresis | dieresis (ü) |
| elipsis | ellipsis |
| encabalgamiento | enjambment |
| épica/epopeya | epic |
| epíteto | epithet |
| estribillo | refrain |
| estrofa | stanza |
| eufemismo | euphemism |
| exposición | exposition |
| figura retórica | figurative language |
| fluir de la conciencia/monólogo interior | stream of consciousness/internal monologue (El ahogado más hermoso del mundo) |
| fondo | main idea of a work |
| forma | style of the work (genre, time period, etc.)--the "how" as opposed to the "what" |
| gradación | rising/falling action |
| hemistiquo | each half of a verse separated by a caesura |
| héroe | hero (son of a god in antiquity, almost always a man, only synonymous with protagonist in epic poetry) |
| hiato | hiatus (separation of syllables where there normally is one) |
| hipálage | kind of like personification, but comparison is reversed to be less logical (I play a little guitar) |
| hipérbaton | inverted/periodic sentence |
| hipérbole | hyperbole |
| imagen | image/relationship between two objects or concepts |
| ironía | irony (Lazarillo, Hombres Necios) |
| ironía dramática | dramatic irony (Bernarda Alba, Lazarillo) |
| jitanjáfora | made-up words to create a sound |
| leit motivo | leitmotif (repetition of an idea, word, phrase, etc. throughout a work; gives work unity) |
| metáfora | metaphor |
| metonimia | metonymy |
| métrica | meter |
| monólogo/soliloquio | monologue/soliloquy |
| narrador | narrator |
| narrador omnisciente | omniscient narrator |
| narrador limitado | first person narrator who participates in the story (Lazarillo) |
| narrador testigo | first person narrator who does not participate in the story |
| narrador en segunda persona | second person narrator |
| narrador acquiescente | narrator who does not know anything more than what the characters know |
| narrador deficiente | third person narrator who knows less than what the characters though |
| narratario | person to whom a narrator talks (Vuestra Merced) |
| narrativa | narrative (story, novel, legend, etc.) |
| onomatopeya | onomatopoeia |
| oxímoron | oxymoron |
| parábola | parable |
| paradoja | paradox |
| paralelo/paralelismo | parallelism |
| pareado | arte mayor couplet |
| parlamento | speech (theatrical) |
| parodia | parody |
| perífrasis | using more words than necessary to describe a person or concept |
| personaje plano | flat character |
| personaje redondo | round character |
| personificación/prosopopeya | personification |
| perspectiva | perspective |
| poema | poem |
| poesía lírica | lyric poetry: tends to have rhyme, conveys personal feelings and ideas |
| poesía épica | epic poetry: long poem, recounts the actions of a hero |
| poesía dramática | dramatic poetry: poetry written like a play |
| poesía narrativa | narrative poetry: tells a story, longer than normal poems (romances) |
| poesía pura | rejects anything traditional about poetry |
| polímetra | the use of multiple different types of meter in a poem (common in Golden Age) |
| polisíndeton | polysyndeton |
| prosa | prose |
| punto de vista | point of view |
| realismo mágico | magical realism |
| redondilla | 4 verses, ABBA rhyme, common in Golden Age |
| relato | short story |
| reduplicación | simplar to anaphora, can involve multiple words |
| retruécano | chiasmus (never let a fool kiss you) |
| rima asonante | vowel rhyme (abrasa/agua) |
| rima consonante | perfect rhyme (sensitivo/vivo) |
| romance | romance (narrative poem, passed down orally, later compiled in romanceros) |
| sátira | satire |
| serventeiso | ABAB quatrain with 10 syllables (type of cuarteto) |
| símbolo | symbol |
| símil | simile (como, cual, semejante a) |
| sinalefa | last syllable of a line ends with a vowel, next line also starts with a vowel |
| sinécdoque | synechdoche (part to whole or whole to part) |
| sinéresis | reverse dieresis |
| sinestesia | synesthesia |
| soliloquio | soliloquy |
| soneto | sonnet |
| tema | theme (not plot) |
| tercero en discordia | person who comes into a scene with two people and sets action in motion |
| terceto | triplet |
| tono | tone |
| tragedia | tragedy (hero dies in classic tragedies, modern ones have hubris) |
| trama | structure of a plot |
| tropo | figurative language devices |
| verso llano/grave | meter that finishes with a word in which the accent is on the penultimate syllable |
| verso esdrújulo | meter that finishes with a word in which the accent is on the third-to-last syllable |
| verso libre | free verse (A Roosevelt) |
| verso suelto | basically blank verse (rhythm but no rhyme) |
| voz poética | narrator of a poem |
| Medieval | cultural uniformity (Latin), monarchy, God, respect for the king and the church, didactic literature, Arab conquest, Arabic and Jewish influence, ended with unification of peninsula (Muslims leave), Costillian becomes official language (dialects merge) |
| Spanish Golden Age | 16th-17th century: Spanish Empire (lots of conquering America, colonies contained the same persecution and bad govts. as Spain, but still mixed cultures and crops, created schools), Garcilaso, Góngora, Cervantes, Tirso de Molina, El Greco, Velazquez |
| Renaissance | less religion than medieval, man makes own destiny, carpe diem, aesthetics, naturalism (spontaneous art), develop everything (Garcilaso poet & soldier), not didactic, sonnets, portraits of women, Spain balances religion & pop culture (Lazarillo) |
| Baroque | 17th century, empire defeated, end of imperialism, disillusionment, questions values of Renaissance, focus on death, invents new words, theater, Don Quixote (parody), document battles in colonies, some (Leon-Portilla) indigenous writers (nahuatl) |
| Romanticism | came from intellectuals exiled during civil war, passion, freedom from social laws, profound reality, nature, nostalgia for Middle Ages, lots of suicide (in literature and real life) |
| Realism | science (Darwin), positivity, reaction against excess of Romanticism, real life, objective, no reflection of author's personality, omniscient narrator, lots of dialogue, colloquial language, development of character and psychology |
| Naturalism | very minuscule detail, treats human psychology like science, at times vulgar, lots of misery and vice, independence movements in Latin America (lots of political authors) |
| Modernism | Latin America, Dario, lots of war (Spanish Civil War, Spanish- American War, colonies), poetic movement, reaction to Realism, rebellious spirit, aesthetics, color and sound, Generación de 98 |
| Boom | powerful narratives, Borges, Rulfo, Garcia Marquez, magical realism, Neruda, Guillen, Burgos, Storni, also in US (Rivera) |
| Tomás Rivera (EEUU) | ...y no se lo tragó la tierra (20) |
| Sabine Ulibarrí (EEUU) | Mi caballo mago (20) |
| Federico García Lorca (Spain) | La Casa de Bernarda Alba/Prendimiento de Antonito (20) |
| Nancy Morejón (Cuba) | Mujer Negra (20) |
| Julia de Burgos (Puerto Rico) | A Julia de Burgos (20) |
| Alfonsina Storni (Argentina) | Peso ancestral (20) |
| Rosa Montero (Spain) | Como la vida misma (20) |
| Osvaldo Dragun (Argentina) | Historia del hombre que se convirtió en perro (20) |
| Isabel Allende (Chile) | Dos palabras (20) |
| Carlos Fuentes (Mexico) | Chac Mool (20) |
| Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia) | La siesta del martes/El ahogado más hermoso del mundo (20) |
| Julio Cortázar (Argentina) | La noche boca arriba (20) |
| Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) | Borges y yo/El Sur (20) |
| Juan Rulfo (Mexico) | No oyes ladrar los perros (20) |
| Pablo Neruda (Chile) | Walking Around (20) |
| Nicolás Guillén (Cuba) | Balada de las dos abuelos (20) |
| Antonio Machado (Spain) | He andado muchos caminos (20) |
| Miguel de Unamuno (Spain) | San Manuel Bueno, mártir (20) |
| Rubén Darío (Nicaragua) | A Roosevelt (20) |
| José Martí (Cuba) | Nuestra America (20) |
| Horacio Quiroga (Uruguay) | El hijo (20) |
| Emilia Pardo Bazán (Spain) | Las medias rojas (19) |
| Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (Spain) | Volverán las oscuras golondrinas (19) |
| José María Heredia (Cuba) | En una tempestad |
| Tirso de Molina (Spain) | El burlador de Sevilla (17) |
| Miguel de Cervantes (Spain) | Don Quijote (17) |
| Anónimo (Spain) (Golden Age) | Lazarillo de Tormes (17) |
| Miguel León-Portilla (Spain/Mexico) | Visión de los vencidos (16) |
| Hernán Cortés (New Spain) | Cartas de Relación (16) |
| Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Mexico) | Hombres necios que acusaís (17) |
| Francisco de Quevedo (Spain) | Miré los muros de la Patria mía (16) |
| Luis de Góngora (Spain) | Mientras por competir con tu cabello (16) |
| Garcilaso de la Vega (Spain) | En tanto que de rosa y azucena (16) |
| Anónimo (Spain) (Middle Ages) | Romance de la pérdida de Alhama (14) |
| Don Juan Manuel (Spain) | De lo que aconteció a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy fuerte y brava (14) |
Created by:
skacademicteam