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Respiratory system
Respiratory system part 1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does cellular respiration occur? | mitochondria |
| What does cellular respiration produce? | ATP |
| What does cellular respiration consume? What is its waste? | oxygen; carbon dioxide |
| How does oxygen get into the body? | diffuses across exchange surfaces of the lungs from the air |
| Oxygen is carried by what cells? | cells of the cardiovascular system |
| 5 functions of the respiratory system: | Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment Produces sounds Participates in olfactory sense |
| What is considered upper respiratory? | everything above the larynx Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx (throat) |
| What is included in the lower respiratory? | Everything Larynx and below: Larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi and bronchioles (air-conducting passageways), and alveoli (gas pockets for air) |
| 2 ways to classify respiratory system: | structural and functional |
| 3 functional areas of the respiratory system: | respiratory tract; conducting zone; respiratory zone |
| What is included in the respiratory tract? | passageways carrying things too and from the gas exchange surfaces |
| What is the job of the conducting zone? Where is it? | Filter, warm, and moisten air from outside Nose to terminal bronchioles (inside lungs) |
| What is job of Respiratory zone? Where is it? | Where gas exchange occurs within the lungs Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
| Where does all gas exchange take place? | Alveoli "little lungs" |
| Job of Respiratory Epithelium: | for gasses to exchange efficiently |
| Is sound inhaling or exhaling? | exhaling |
| Difference between upper and lower respiratory: | Upper= still deciding between food and airway (staff); lower= airway exchange (strep) |
| Describe how alveolar walls must be: | thin with great surface area which creates surface area (About the surface area of a tennis court) |
| Where does mucosa line? | the conducting zone |
| What does the mucosa provide? | filtration for respiratory defense (clears debris/pathogens from inhaled air) |
| 2 layers to respiratory mucosa: | 1) Lamina propria 2) epithelial layer |
| Which mucosa layer is on top and faces the lumen? | epithelial (lamina propria is on conducting zone) |
| Which mucosa is the UNDERLYING layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory system? | Lamina propria |
| Which layer of mucosa contains the mucous glands? | Lamina propria |
| What encircle the lumen of the bronchioles? Of which mucosa layer are these a part of? | smooth muscle cells; lamina propria |
| Which layer of mucosa plays a response in asthma attacks? | Lamina Propria bc smooth muscle is what constricts around the bronchioles |
| From mouth down respiratory system: 1st layer of Epithelium | Stratified squamous epithelium in pharynx |
| From mouth down respiratory system: 2nd layer of Epithelium | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells in lower respiratory |
| From mouth down respiratory system: 3rd layer of Epithelium | Simple cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia in bronchioles (muscle layer) |
| From mouth down respiratory system: 4th layer of Epithelium | Simple squamous epithelium of alveoli with special cells attached to walls (pushing gas across) |
| Why is there no mucous in the mouth? | We have Saliva instead (still "decision tree") |
| 4 Components to the respiratory defense system: | 1) Mucous 2)Cilia 3)Hairs 4) Alveolar macrophages all these filter out pathogens! |
| What produces mucous? | both cells (goblet) and glands |
| Where is mucous? | bathes exposed surfaces |
| Job of Cilia: | sweep debris caught in mucous toward the pharynx |
| What is it called when mucous and cilia work together? Why? | mucociliary escalator, goes up the escalator then rolls over the side into the esophagus and is neutralized in the stomach by HCL |
| Where are the hairs for the respiratory system and what is their job? | in the nasal cavity; removing large particles |
| Another name for Alveolar macrophages: | dust cells |
| What do alveolar macrophages do? | engulf small particles that reach lungs |
| Where is alveolar epithelium? | Lines gas exchange surfaces of alveoli |
| What is the job of alveolar macrophages? | eat whatever mucous misses |
| When a patient has a bacterial infection, what kind of a cough do they have? | wet and croopy (body is throwing a bunch of water on it) |
| Describe the pathway of air through the external structures of the nose in the respiratory system: | Nasal cavity and turbinates Internal nares (choanae) Nasal Mucosa |
| What step does breathing through your mouth bypass? | The Nasal Mucosa warms and humidifies inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs- no warming/humidifying/catching dust |
| What system(s) is the pharynx involved in? | respiratory & digestive |
| What sinus is right below your ear? | Mastoid (old lady boob)- makes head lighter + resonance of voice |
| Where does the Pharynx extend from and too? | Internal Nares-tip of entrance of larynx |
| Why should you never avoid sinus infection? | because it shares a venous return with your face |
| 3 pieces to the pharynx: | Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
| What is the superior portion of the pharynx? | Nasopharynx |
| What portion of the pharynx has cilia to catch pathogens and dust? | Nasopharynx |
| What tonsils does the Nasopharynx contain What other major structure? | Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes (Eustachian tubes) |
| What is the middle portion of the pharhynx that contains the tongue? | Oropharynx |
| What part of the pharynx is in the back of the oral cavity? | Oropharynx |
| What is the lower portion of the throat (part of pharynx) above the larynx? | laryngopharynx |
| Where does the laryngopharynx extend from/to? | Extends from hyoid bone and epiglottis to the division of larynx (air) and esophagus (food) |
| 3 functions of Nasopharynx: | 1) Respiration 2) Fighting infections 3)Drainage System |
| How does the Nasopharynx function in respiration? | Has ciliated respiratory epithelium to catch dust and pathogens |
| How does the Nasopharynx fight infection? | Has lymphatic tissue |
| How does the Nasopharynx serve as a drainage system? | Middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the auditory (Eustachian) tube which drains all middle ear secretions |
| How is sound made? | pushing air through lungs and trying to connect that noise with the brain to form words + vocal chords stretched across glottis resonates when air is pushed across |
| where is the larynx? | below the laryngopharynx |
| What is the Glottis? | Opening of airway through the larynx |
| What is the Epiglottis? | elastic cartilage gatekeeper that forms flap over glottis to block trachea when swallowing food |
| What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage made of? | Hyaline |
| What is the nickname of the thyroid cartilage? | Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence) |
| What kind of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage made of? Where is it? | hyaline cartilage ring shaped base of larynx |
| Describe the vocal chords: | 2 pairs of ligaments stretched across the glottis |
| T/F: There are true and false vocal chords: | True |
| Name and job of false vocal chords: | vestibular ligaments: prevent food from entering glottis |
| Name and job of true vocal chords: | vocal ligaments; vibrate sound and make speech |
| Where is the cricoid cartilage? | start at thyroid cartilage (adam's apple), then go down and feel the notch and the bump below the notch is the cricoid cartilage |
| Epiglottis only closes if... | a large enough bolus of food shuts it (don't talk and eat it's confusing) |
| Below cricoid cartilage is what? | tracheal rings |
| What protects the back of the throat? | cricoid cartilage (class ring facing backwards) |
| Trachea means what? | Windpipe |
| What shape are tracheal cartilages? | C shaped |
| What way do the C shaped tracheal rings open? | Posteriorly (allow esophagus to expand when swallowing bolus) |
| Where are Bronchi? | Extend from trachea down into the lungs |
| Only bones protecting the throat: | cervical vertebrae |
| The Larynx is a cartilaginous tube that surrounds the ____ but is protected by ________. | Glottis; Epiglottis |
| Function of Glottis: | 'voice box' of larynx |
| Glottis protected by? | Vestibular and vocal folds |
| 3 cartilages of the larynx: | Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid |
| Epiglottis is composed of: | elastic cartilage |
| Describe how the larynx and Epiglottis work together from preventing food/water from entering the Glottis during swallowing: | The larynx elevates and the epiglottis folds over |
| What is the largest of the three cartilages? | Thyroid |
| Formal name for Adam's apple | laryngeal prominence |
| Analogy for the shape of the cricoid cartilage: | ring with face posterior |
| What does cricoid cartilage have that helps you make sounds through your vocal chords? | arytenoids |
| How are sound waves produced? | Air passes through the glottis which vibrates the vocal chords which produces sound waves |
| What triggers Cough Reflex? | When food or liquid hits the vestibular folds or cartilage |
| How does Cough Reflex occur? | Glottis is kept closed until Thoracic and Abdominal mm contract then opens suddenly to allow for blast of to clear whatever is blocking the Glottis |
| Trachea extends from what "C to C?" | cricoid cartilage to carina (the fork into right and left pulmonary bronchi) |
| Where are mucous glands to keep the trachea moist found? | The submucosa which are below the tracheal mucosa |
| Analogy for Carina when drawing: | the underpants |
| Job of Tracheal Cartilages: | keep Trachea open at all times |
| What is the "Roof" of the airway? | Glottis |
| If something gets past the dumb Epiglottis, what is your second defense? | vocal folds |
| Draw the Bronchial tree and label the following parts: | Main Bronchi (Primary) Lobar Bronchi (Secondary) Segmental Bronchi (Tertiary) Bronchopulmonary segment Bronchioles: Terminal Respiratory |
| How many lobar bronchi on the Right? | 3 |
| How many lobar bronchi on the left? | 2 |
| Does the trachea ever contract? | NO |
| What happens to the cartilage as it gets further away from the tracheal cartilage? | it becomes smooth muscle ( where you can give someone a muscle relaxer during an asthma attack) |
| Where is the area of transition between the cartilage and smooth muscle? | bronchopulmonary |
| The terminal bronchial is the end of what? | air movement (conducting zone) |
| The Respiratory Bronchial is the beginning of what? | gas exchange (respiratory zone) |
| What separates the two main bronchus? | Carina |
| Term for two main bronchus: | Primary |
| Which primary branch is larger? | Right |
| Which part of the bronchus is an object most likely to go down? Why? | Right Primary Bronchus due to most vertical angle |
| Why is the left bronchus more angled? | Goes over cardiac notch at an acute angle |
| Another name for Lobar bronchi: | secondary |
| At what level do the bronchi supply the lungs? | each lobar bronchi |
| What do the lobar bronchi have instead of c rings? | cartilage plates |
| Do Bronchioles have cartilage? | No- dominated by smooth muscle |
| Describe bronchioles in comparison to what they are in the cardiovascular system: | Bronchioles are the arterioles of the respiratory system (exchange zone) |
| What controls air flow (resistance) at the bronchiole level? | diameter changes |
| Two types of bronchioles: | terminal and respiratory |
| One tertiary bronchus forms how many terminal bronchioles? | 6500!! |
| Respiratory Bronchioles lead into what? | Alveolar ducts |
| Describe bronchoconstriction: | Constricts bronchi by smooth mm creating tension folds in mucosa |
| 2 examples of bronchoconstriction: | asthma and histamine release |
| What is Asthma? | excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction |
| Where is severe resistance created during an asthma attack? | terminal bronchioles |
| What is bronchodilation? | dilation of bronchial airways- caused by stimulation of Sympathetic ANS |
| What do inhalers do? | reduce resistance through bronchodilation |
| 3 gas exchange structures: | Respiratory bronchioles Alveoli Blood-Air Barrier (gas exchange through 3 layers) |
| What is the thinnest, most delicate branch of the three segments? | Respiratory bronchioles |
| Job of Respiratory bronchioles: | Deliver oxygen to gas exchange surface of the lungs |
| What happens to pathogens that make it to the respiratory bronchioles? | Air has been filtered and humidified before arriving here – since no mucous glands here, any pathogen which makes it this far is getting into the lungs |
| Function of Alveolar ducts: | Connection between respiratory bronchiole and alveolar sac |
| What is an alveolar sac? | Two or more alveoli that share a common opening |
| What is/where is an alveolus? | Cup-shaped outpouching of simple squamous epithelium Has elastic membrane for recoil after every breath Connected directly to the gas exchange membrane (O2 for CO2) at the capillary side of lungs |
| Which segment is intrapulmonary (in the lung): | tertiary |
| 3 types of alveolar epithelium: | type 1 pneumocyte, alveolar mac, and type 2 pneumocyte |
| Describe type 1 pneumocytes: | simple squamous cells forming the alveolar epithelium |
| Describe alveolar macs: | Free macs patrolling epithelial surface for pathogens |
| Another name for alveolar macrophages | dust cells |
| What is the blood air area? | last barrier between the outside world and you |
| Another name for type 2 pneumocytes: | septal cells |
| Function of septal cells: | Surfactant production Oily secretion that breaks hydrogen bonds so alveolar walls can be ‘unstuck’ after each exhale |
| Job of surfactant: | Reduces surface tension in thin layer of water coating insides of alveolar sacs Attraction of H+ bonds/water to itself creates surface tension; Prevents collapse of alveolar sacs |
| What happens if there is a lack of surfactant? | causes alveoli to collapse after each exhalation RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) results, ARDS (Adult respiratory distress syndrome), IRDS (Infant respiratory distress syndrome) |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | the Blood-air barrier |
| 3 layers to the blood-air barrier: | 1) Alveolar cell barrier 2)Fused basement membrane 3) Capillary Endothelial layer |
| Alveolar cell layer is made of: | Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus |
| Fused basement membrane is where? | alveolar and endothelial cells |
| Capillary endothelial layer is made of: | Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary |
| Alveolus are what: | "baby lungs"- inflate and deflate |
| What two things are able to diffuse through the bilayer quickly? | oxygen and CO2 |
| Describe the surface area of the blood-air barrier: | LARGE |
| Why does diffusion across the blood-air barrier need to be fast? | because O2 needs to make a long trip and so needs to move fast to keep O2 from diffusing out too early |
| When a baby doesn't have surfactant, what happens? | IRDS: they can't take their first breath- given an injection |
| What two things do the lungs contain? | the bronchiole trees, and the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory system |
| How many lobes to the right lung? | 3 |
| How many lobes to the left lung? | 2 |
| Where is the most common place for a tumor? | Apex (inferior to clavicle) |
| What are the lungs surrounded by? | 2 pleural cavities |
| Where is the base of the lungs? | resting on the diaphragm |
| What is the Hilum? | Where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics enter the lung |
| What is the root of the lungs? | complex network of nerves and vessels in the hilum |
| Where is the root of the lungs anchored? | mediastinum |
| Which lung is longer? | left, right has to accommodate the liver but make room for the heart |
| What is left on the lungs at medial margin? | Impression of the heart |
| 3 things that protect the lungs: | visceral pleura (mbrn on lungs), pleural fluid (reduces friction btw 2 during breathing), and parietal pleura |
| What is a pulmonary embolism? | When a large emboli stops blood flow in a pulmonary artery completely to a whole group of lobules or alveoli(if left- that part collapses) |
| Does a thrombus, or embolus leave the clot and travel through vessel? | Embolus "Exit" |
| Which kind of breathing is normal? | YOU want Eupnea (YOUPnea) Quiet breathing |
| Name for deep breathing? | diaphragmic breathing |
| Name for shallow breathing: | costal breathing |
| forced breathing is called what? | Hyperpnea |
| What is elastic rebound? | When inhalation muscles relax and alveoli returned to original position |
| Intrapulmonary means.... | inside the lung (pressure created when alveoli contract) |
| intrapleural means... | outside the lungs (pressure created by pleural cavities) |
| What is atmospheric pressure? | 760 mm hg |
| When you inhale, you create a pressure of... | -1 (759) |
| When you exhale, you create a pressure of... | 1 (761) |
| Atmospheric pressure measures what pressure? | Intrapulmonary |
| What and where do hydrogen bonds create? | *** SUCTION between parietal and visceral surfaces |
| What does pleural pressure avg? | -4mm hg |
| This pulls the lungs upwards: | ribs |
| This pulls the lungs downwards: | diaphragm |
| What breaks intrapleural suction? | pneumothorax |
| Analogy for what the friction between the two membranes is like: What is pneumothorax like in comparison to that? | sliding wet glass across a wet countertop; the tilt that breaks contact |
| What is the collapsed lung result of pneumothorax? | Atelectasis |
| Minimal is part of.... | Residual |
| Avg # breaths per minute: | 12-20 |
| Avg. Tidal volume for males and females | 500 |
| Why will you never get 500? | because there are 150 of dead air that never makes it to the lungs- this number is alveolar ventilation |
| What is the true respiratory generation? | alveolar ventilation |
| When someone has a panic attack, what happens? | they only are getting 3 liters of air instead of 4.2/5: from lack of oxygen |
| Why do people lie down when you have a panic attack? | because then your heart doesn't have to pump against gravity. When pumping on a horizontal plane, easier to get oxygen to brain |
| Why do you lose oxygen even though you're breathing faster? | anatomical dead space increases (300 mL – 150 mL = 150 mL to put into RMV formula! 20 RR x 150 mL = 3000 mL/min or 3 L/min ) |
| What is Boyle's law for? | INVERSE (opposite) Volume and Pressure |
| 3 things gasses depend on: | 1- concentration gradient 2- temperature 3- gas laws |
| What is Dalton's law for? | partial pressures |
| What is Henry's law for? | Diffusion of gasses |
| Air is what percent O2? What does this mean? | 20.9; very crowded atmosphere |
| What is partial pressure? | The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases |
| When adding P(O2, N2, H2O, and CO2), what should this = in mm hg? | 760 |
| What outside a solution will cause it to go into a solution? | more pressure |
| What inside a solution will cause it to go out of a solution? | less pressure outside (soda goes flat) |
| What laws do these partial pressures have to do with? | Henry's law |
| What is Henry's law dependent on? | temperature |
| Eventually, because of henry's law, a gas in a solution will reach what? | Equalibrium |
| What are pressure, temperature, and equilibrium all dependent on in a solution? | the solubility of that solution |
| If pressure increases, more gas will go where? | into a solution |
| If pressure decreases, more gas will go where? | out of a solution |
| In a soda can, pressure is high, what other thing is high? | solubility |
| Describe air by the time it reaches the Alveoli | Warm, filtered, humidified |
| What is the most important value in lecture? | Alveolar ventilation (removal of the dead air the 150 that never make it to the Alveoli) |
| Is Gas exchange Efficient? | YES |
| 5 reasons gas exchange is efficient: | substantial differences in partial pressure, distances involved are short, )O2 + Co2 are lipid soluble, surface area is large, blood flow and air flow are coordinated |
| What binds to iron ions in hemoglobin molecules? | O2 |
| What is it called when hemoglobin is carrying oxygen? | oxyhemoglobin |
| Each hemoglobin binds how many Oxygen? | 4 |
| What is hemoglobin saturation? | The percentage of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that contain bound oxygen |
| Factors affecting hemoglobin saturation: | Amount of oxygen PO2 in blood Blood pH Temperature of blood BPG |
| Explain the hemoglobin saturation curve | it's like when you want to be alone then your dad walks in then your brother decides to come over... you get less resistant to more people coming in each time |
| How does hemoglobin make it easier for O2 to bind? | changes shape |
| Explain what happens in carbon monoxide poisoning | Hemoglobin much prefers carbon monoxide to oxygen and so when your in an area of carbon monoxide, then carbon monoxide takes the place of Oxygen in the bloodstream and so the person dies |
| How much O2 does hemoglobin usually carry? | 3/4 full tank |
| What happens to Hemoglobin in acidic situations (such as exercise)? | it changes shape and therefore releases O2 |
| Why does Hemoglobin fall apart? | due to the bohr effect of the carbonic acid formation |
| What enzyme is the catalyst for the reaction that creates carbonic acid inside a RBC? When does this occur? | carbonic anhydrase; high P CO2 |
| What happens after carbonic acid is formed? | It immediately dissociates into H+ and HCO3 |
| What causes PH to lower in the blood? | When the dissociation happens, the H+ ion moves out because Cl- moves in as an anti porter and draws the bicarb out |
| Where does Carbonic acid go when it breaks apart into carbon dioxide and water (raising ph)? | lungs and kidneys |
| What is the result of a low P CO2 on a RBC? | it will not release oxygen |
| What happens to carbonic acid when there's a high P CO2? | It dissociates into bicarb and H+ ion |
| Low P CO2 means what happens to hydrogen? | it comes into the RBC |
| What happens when H+ comes into the RBC? | bicarb grabs it and then it dissociates into water and carbon dioxide. |
| What happens after bicarb separates into water and carbon dioxide inside the RBC? | it goes to either the kidneys or lungs |
| What happens to hemoglobin when our body temperature goes up (exercise/fight or flight)? | it releases more oxygen |
| What happens when our body temperature goes down? | hemoglobin holds oxygen more tightly |
| 2 centers of the brain that control unconscious breathing: | Pontine respiratory gp. ; Medullary respiratory gp. |
| What is the center of the brain known as the pacemaker of the respiratory system? | Pre-Botzinger complex |
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smhoffman
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