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P/S EK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Capitalism | Resources & means to produce goods & services are privately controlled by individuals & organizations. Gov enforces laws & regulations |
| Demographic Transition Theory | Links pop growth to use of technology = Change in birth and death rates. Keeps pop size in check. =/= consider other factors limiting pop growth. |
| Demographic Transition | Change in demographics over time |
| Environmental Justice | = treatment of all ppl (race,gender,etc) w/ regard to prevention & relief from environmental & health hazards |
| Relative Deprivation | Feel disadvantaged when compare self to others of similar status - feel abc less resources & privileges |
| Secularization | decreasing devotion to religious practices |
| Fundamentalism | Literal interpretation of sacred writings |
| Socialism | Resources & means to produce goods & services are managed collectively. Rely on gov regulation to decide how wealth is distributed |
| Social Epidemiology | How social factors affect health of a population |
| Class consciousness | lower class understands itself as a class - group with shared needs & interests = could remedy class inequality & poverty |
| False consciousness | failure to recognize poverty as product of oppressive class system |
| Perspectives on globalization | hyper globalist: mov away from indiv nations --> single global society skeptical: nat borders still important bc indiv nations not being =ly integrated into global econ transformationalist: causes new patters on interdependent interxns but outcomes |
| Associative Learning | associations between stimuli and specific responses |
| Reinforcement | POSITIVE reinf: ADD PLEASANT stimulus= keep doing behavior - take trash out = allowance NEGATIVE reinf: REMOVE UNPLEASANT stimulus= keep doing behavior - HA? tylenol takes it away so will take it when have HA - take trash out = stop nag |
| Punishment | POSITIVE punishment: ADD UNPLEASANT stimulus to decrease behavior - home late = yelled at NEGATIVE punishment: REMOVE PLEASANT stimulus to decrease behavior - home late = phone away |
| Primary and secondary (conditioned) reinforcers | 1: deal with physio needs & survival, don't need to learn 2: must learn - reinforcers: praise, prestige, good grades - punishers: fines, scolding, bad grades |
| escape conditioning | learned behavior allows you to escape unpleasant stimulus, end it - cage becomes electrified, mouse escapes to other side |
| avoidance conditioning | learned behavior allows you to avoid unpleasant stimulus completely - whistle before shock = move away when hear whistle = no shock at all |
| partial reinforcement or intermittent reinforcement | only rewarded some of the time - much more resistant to extinction ex: gambling |
| cognitive processes in associate learning | necessary for this learning of non-instinctual behaviors - need higher level brain function to know cause and effect and choose new course of behavior |
| aversive conditioning | escape and avoidance conditioning |
| inclusive fitness | describes overall fitness of an organism - look at their progeny & offspring of close fam |
| Game Theory | math models that rep complex decision making where actions of other group members have to be taken into account. Strategies maximize fitness |
| Bureaucracy | formal org with focus on efficiency & effectiveness. Ideal characteristics: hierarchy, rules & regs, impersonal, impartial |
| Iron law of oligarchy | perspectives on bureaucracy the ppl @ top will eventually value their power over the org & focus more on staying in power than achieving goal of bureaucracy |
| McDonaldization | perspectives on bureaucracy concept of b to chain stores & restaurants -- (predictable, uniform, efficient, automated) rep idea b BUT = loss creativity & originality |
| role conflict | when 2+ roles have conflicting requirements - think conflict is usually between two different ppl |
| role strain | demands of SINGLE role can be overwhelming strain = single |
| group think | every1 in group thinks so much alike that they think they're right. members then don't say what they really wanna say for sake of group harmony - discourages indiv responsibility ex: titanic - overconfidence that it was unsinkable |
| group polarization | through interaction and discussion, attitude of a group is stronger than attitude of the individual members |
| social control | more direct form of socialization where group or individual imposes rules to control behavior of others - rents discipline kids - laws to control citizens |
| deviance | behavior that violates social expectations |
| stigma | negative social label that changes the ID of a person as abnormal or tainted |
| strain theory | deviance happens when there's conflict btw expectations soc has for us and the methods that are okay to achieve them explains crime - feel pressure bc not able to achieve soc expectation of econ success - rob (not condoned) = econ sucess |
| anomie | what strain theory can lead to - lose morals bc of pressure to pursue expectations that society has for us - supposed to have $$, so will rob |
| differential association theory | deviance happens from social learning - basically learn to break rules if that is the behavior that predominates in group |
| labeling theory | society says some behaviors are deviant based on group that carries those out - see community as deviant? members of it are deviant. actions are deviant |
| transmission | pass of culture from gen to gen |
| diffusion | spread of culture from one pop to another - country adapts cultural aspects of another |
| culture shock | honeymoon phase: excited pd negotiation phase: problems arise - lang/homesick adjustment phase: assimilation mastery phase: assimilation |
| subculture | culture shared by smaller group of ppl with specific attributes that set them apart (but still part of larger culture) - deaf, amish, skateboarders |
| counterculture | groups that adopt cultural patterns that oppose the larger culture and get their cultural messages from less mainstream sources - hippie movement, feminists |
| cultural lag | time culture takes to adjust to tech innovations |
| prejudice | unjustified and strict negative generalizations about others |
| stereotype | belief that all members of a group share specific characteristics, can be +/-/neutral |
| stereotype threat | anxiety and impaired performance that results when you're confronted with a (-) stereotype of group you're |
| self fulfilling prophecy | stress and lowered expectations w/ (-) stereotypes = stereotype turns into reality |
Created by:
orozcomak
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