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Polls 1100 Ch. 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| politics | the way we decide who gets power and influence in a world where there isn't enough power for all of us to have as much as we like |
| rules | political directives that help to determine who will win or lose future power struggles |
| political narrative | a story that is used to persuade others about the nature of power, who should have it, and how it should be used |
| government | a system or an organization for excising authority over a body of people |
| authority | power that people consider legitimate, that they have consented or agreed to |
| authoritarian governments | political systems in which the rulers have all the power and the rules don't allow the people who live under them to have any power at all |
| subjects | people who are bound to the will of rulers and who have no power of their own to push back on abusive government |
| non-authoritarian governments | political systems in which the rules regulate people's behaviors in some respects bu allow them considerable freedom in others |
| citizens | individuals who live under non authoritarian governments |
| democracy | a type of non authoritarian government wherein citizens have considerable power to make the rules that govern them |
| popular sovereignty | the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power |
| anarchy | no government at all, a system in which individuals are free to do as they wish |
| economics | the process of deciding who gets the material resources and how they get them |
| socialism | an economic system in which the government (a single ruler, a party , or some other empowered group) decides what to produce and who should get the products |
| regulated capitalism | a market system in which the government intervenes to protect rights |
| capitalism | an economic system that relies on the market to make decisions about who should have material goods |
| market | the collective decisions of multiple individuals about to buy or sell, creating different levels of supply and demand |
| laissez-faire capitalism | a form of capitalism wherein there are no restrictions on the market at all |
| capitalist democracy | a political -economic system that grants the most individual control over both political and economic life |
| totalitarianism | a system that combines authoritarian government with a social economic system wherein the government makes all the decisions about power, influencem and money |
| authoritarian capitalism | a system in which the authoritarian government has strong control over how individuals may live their lives, but individuals do have some market freedom |
| political culture | a set of shared ideas, values and beliefs that define the role and limitations of government and people's relationship to that government and that therefore bind people into a sing political unit |
| limited government | the Enlightenment idea that the power of government should be restricted to allow for maximum individual freedom |
| individualism | a political cultural emphasis on individual rights rather than on the collective whole |
| equality | in American political culture individual independence from government |
| freedom | in American political culture individual independence from government |
| ideologies | competing narratives that explain various political disagreements |
| conservatives | Americans on the political right who believe in less regulation of the economy |
| liberals | Americans on the political left who believe in greater government regulation of the economy |
| economic conservatives | Americans who favor a strictly procedural government role in the economy and the social order |
| libertarians | Americans who favor minimal government role in any sphere |
| economic liberals | Americans who favor an expanded government role in the economy but limited role in the social order |
| progressives | economic liberals who believe in a stronger role for the state in creating equality |
| social conservatives | Americans who endorse limited government control of the economy but considerable government intervention to realize a traditional social order based on religious and hierarchy rather than equality |
| social liberals | Americans who favor greater control of the economy and the social order to bring about greater equality and to regulate the effects of progress |
| mercantilism | an economic system that sees trade as the basis of the accumulation of wealth |
| divine right of kings | the political culture that understood power to be vested in the king because he was God's representative on earth |
| social contract | the idea that power is not derived from God but instead comes from and is limited by the consent of the governed who can revolt against the government they contract with their rights are not protected if the contract is not kept |
| John Locke | the British philosopher who introduced the idea that the social contract was conditional on the government's protection of rights and could be revoked if the government failed to protect these rights |
| Declaration of Independence | the political document that dissolved the colonial ties between the United States and Britain |
| inalienable rights | rights that we are born with that cannot be take away from us and that we cannot sell |
| republican virtue | the idea that citizens would act in the public interest without coercion by a strong government |
| compromise | the act of giving up something you want in order to get something else you want more an exercise in determining and trading off priorities |
| Articles of Confederation | the first constitution of the United States adopted in 1777 creating an association of states with a weak central government |
| confederation | a form of government in which all the power lies with the local units in the American case that's the states |
| Federalists | supporters of the constitution who favored a strong central government |
| anti federalists | advocates of states' rights who opposed the Constitution |
| Virginia plan | a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be based on population thus favoring the large states |
| bicameral legislature | a lawmaking body with two chambers |
| New Jersey Plan | a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be equal thus favoring the small states |
| Great Compromise | the constitutional solution to congressional representation: equal votes in the Senate votes by population in the House |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | the formula for counting five slave as three people for the purposes of representation reconciled northern and southern factions at the Constitutional Convention |
| ratification | the process through which a proposal (such as the Constitution) is formally approved and adopted by vote |
| Federalists Papers | a collection of eighty-five newspaper editorials written in support of the Constitution under the pseudonym of Publius whose real identity was three Federalists: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay |
| factions | groups of citizens united by some common passion or interest and opposed to the rights of other citizens or to the interests of the whole community |
| James Madison | one of the founders whose key insight was to design a system that takes human nature as it is (self interested, greedy, and ambitious) not as you want it to be |
| separation of powers | the division of the government vertically into branches: legislative, executive, and judicial |
| checks and balances | the idea that each branch of government has just enough power over the others that their jealousy will guard against the overreach of the others |
| federalism | the horizontal division of government into layers: national (also called federal) and state |
| legislative branch | the lawmaking component of the federal government |
| executive branch | the law enforcing component of the federal government |
| judicial branch | the law interpreting component of the federal government |
| parliamentary system | government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the two branches are merged |
| presidential system | government in which the executive is chosen independently of the legislature and the two branches are separate |
| concurrent powers | powers that are shared by the federal and state governments |
| enumerated powers | congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution |
| necessary and proper clause | the constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers |
| Tenth Amendment | the amendment that stipulates that any powers not explicitly given to the national government are reserved to the states |
| supremacy clause | a constitutional clause that says the Constitution itself and national laws made under it are the law of the land |
| John Marshall | the third chief justice of the Supreme Court believed in the Federalist vision of a strong national government |
| Marbury v Madison | the 1803 Supreme Court ruling holding that the Court had the power of judicial review |
| McCulloch v Maryland | the 1819 Supreme Court ruling holding that the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution could be interpreted broadly to include many powers that are not among the enumerated powers of Congress |
| Gibbons v Ogden | the 1824 Supreme Court decision that opened the door to federal regulation of commerce broadly understood to mean most forms of business |
| judicial review | the Supreme Court's power to determine if congressional laws, state laws, or executive actions are constitutional |
| nullification | declaration by a state that a federal law is void within its boarders |
| block grants | funds that come with flexibility for the states to spend the money as they wish within broad parameters |
| categorical grants | grants of money with specific instructions on how it is to be spent |
| unfunded mandates | policies requiring states to do something but without any funds provided to offset the cost of administering the policy |
| amendment process | the process by which the Constitution may be changed |
| civil liberties | the individual freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution that limit government |
| civil rights | the freedom of groups to participate fully in the public life of a nation; protected by the government primarily in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Sixth Amendments |
| natural rights | the idea that one is born with a set of rights that no government can take away |
| Bill of Rights | ten amendments to the Constitution that explicitly limit government by protecting individual rights against it |
| Fourteenth Amendment | the 1868 constitutional amendment ensuring that southern states did not deny those free from enslavement their rights as citizens |
| incorporation | Supreme Court action making the protections of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states |
| establishment clause | the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church |
| free exercise clause | the First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice |
| accommodationists | people who want to support "all" religions equally |
| separationists | people who want a separation between church and state |
| Lemon test | the three-pronged rule used by the courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated |
| marriage equality | the idea that marriage should not be reserved for heterosexual couples and that all marriages should be equal before the law |
| freedom of expression | the ability to express one's views without government restraint |
| freedom of assembly | the right of the people to gather peacefully and to petition government |
| sedition | speech that criticizes the government in order to promote rebellion |
| fighting words | speech intended to incite violence |
| libel | written defamation of character |
| slander | spoken defamation of character |
| clear and present danger test | the rule used by the courts that allows language to be regulated only if it presents an immediate and urgent danger |
| imminent lawless action test | the rule used by the courts that restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing or is likely to produce imminent lawless action |
| Miller test | the rule used by the courts in which the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards |
| prior restraint | censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken |
| net neutrality | the principle that Internet service providers cannot speed up or slow down access for customers or make decisions about the content they see or the apps they download |
| due process rights | the guarantee that laws will be fair and reasonable and that citizens suspected of breaking the law will be treated fairly |
| habeas corpus | the right to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges and evidence against you |
| bill of attainder | a law directed at an individual or group that accuses and convicts them of a crime |
| ex post facto law | a law that makes something illegal after you have already done it |
| exclusionary rule | the rule created by the Supreme Court that evidence seized illegally may not be used to obtain a conviction |
| Miranda rights | the rights that a person has to resist questioning and not to incriminate oneself; the police must inform suspects that they possess these rights |
| right to privacy | the judicial creation from Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) that certain rights in the Bill of Rights protected intimate decisions like family planning from state interference |
| strict constructionists | supporters of a judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the framers' intentions uppermost in mind |
| judicial interpretivists | supporters of a judicial approach holding that the Constitution is a living document and that judges should interpret it according to changing times and values |
| discrimination | differential treatment |
| suspect classification | a classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest |
| strict scrutiny | a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification |
| compelling state purpose | a fundamental state purpose, which must be shown before the law can limit some freedoms or treat some groups of people differently |
| de jure discrimination | discrimination by laws |
| de facto discrimination | discrimination on the basis of life circumstances, habit, custom, or socioeconomic status |
| slavery | the ownership, for forced labor, of one people by another |
| Thirteenth Amendment | the 1865 constitutional amendment banning slavery |
| black codes | a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments; denied freed blacks the right to vote, to go to school, or to own property |
| Fifteenth Amendment | the 1870 constitutional amendment guaranteeing that the right to vote could not be denied on the basis of race |
| Jim Crow laws | laws passed after the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments granted African Americans citizen rights; intended to re-create the power relations of slavery |
| separate but equal | the legal principle stemming from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that segregation didn't violate the Fourteenth Amendment unless the separate facilities provided were unequal |
| Brown v. Board of Education | the 1954 Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education |
| boycott | the refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or to force political reform |
| civil rights movement | the group effort of African Americans to claim their civil rights through a variety of means- legal, political, economic, civil disobedience-in the 1950s and 1960s |
| integration | breaking down barriers (legal, cultural, economic) that keep races apart to allow the creation of a diverse community |
| racism | institutionalized power inequalities based on the perception of racial differences |
| white privilege | the learned tendency to see the world through the context of white culture and power |
| Nineteenth Amendment | the 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote |
| Equal Rights Amendment | a constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender |
| glass ceiling | the invisible but impenetrable barrier that most women face when trying to ascend the corporate or political ladder |
| gender bias | systemic ways of treating women differently to their detriment |
| stereotypes | assumptions about other people based on their race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation |
| implicit bias | the tendency for passing thoughts to confirm existing stereotypes in our minds, even if we quickly catch them |
Created by:
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Popular American Government sets