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What are the three parts of the cell theory?
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composed of one cell
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Biology Honors Ch. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? | All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all existing cells are produced by other living cells |
| composed of one cell | unicellular |
| composed of many cells that may organize | multicellular |
| Two types of cells | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| This type of cell has no nucleus, is unicellular, has cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and an example of an organism made of this type of cell is bacteria | prokaryotic |
| This type of cell has a nucleus, organelles, and makes up animals, plants, fungi, and protists | eukaryotic |
| All cells (plant AND animal) have these 4 things: | cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material (DNA or RNA) |
| specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function ("mini organs") | organelles |
| CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL; surrounds outside of all cells, made of two layers | cell (plasma) membrane |
| 2 layers of fat | phospholipid bilayer |
| GIVES THE CELL SHAPE; CAN MOVE ORGANELLES AROUND; PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR ANIMAL CELLS; network of threadlike fibers, made of proteins | cytoskeleton |
| HOLDS EVERYTHING IN PLACE & PROVIDES A SOLUTION FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE IN; jelly-like substance, mainly made of water | cytoplasm |
| PROTECTS THE DNA THAT CONTROLS ALL ACTIVITIES OF A CELL; contains genetic material (DNA); surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane | nucleus |
| MAKES rRNA WHICH MAKE UP RIBOSOMES; inside the nucleus | nucleolus |
| MAKE PROTEINS IN A PROCESS CALLED TRANSLATION; located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm | ribosomes |
| MAKES PROTEINS; has ribosomes on surface; hugs the nucleus | Rough ER |
| MAKES LIPIDS, DESTROYS TOXINS, REGULATES CALCIUM; no ribosomes on surface; attached to rough ER | Smooth ER |
| PROCESSES, SORTS, AND SHIPS PROTEINS WHERE NEEDED; folded membrane | Golgi apparatus |
| BREAKS DOWN DEAD STUFF, FOOD, BACTERIA, OLD PARTS OF CELL); CAN DO PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS); contains enzymes; in animal cells only | lysosomes |
| STORAGE 9WATER, NUTRIENTS, WASTE, ETC.); small and numerous in animal cells; one large central one in plant cells | vacuole |
| APPEAR DURING CELL DIVISION & HELP CELL DIVIDE BY PULLING CHROMOSOMES APART; made of microtubules; animal cells only | centrioles/centrosomes |
| MOVES FLUID ACROSS CELL SURFACE; shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars; animal and bacteria cells only | cilia |
| MOVES ENTIRE CELL; longer, fewer (1-3); animal and bacteria cells only | flagella |
| WHERE CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAPPENS; BREAKS DOWN FOOD TO RELEASE ENERGY AS ATP; POWERHOUSE OF CELL | mitochondria |
| WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS; in plant cells only | choloroplast |
| PROTECTS AND MAINTAINS SHAPE; made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria; plant and bacteria cells only | cell wall |
| 1 massive central structure; STORAGE CENTER; plant cells only | central vacuole |
| the need of an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions | homeostasis |
| The cell membrane is ____________ _____________________, meaning certain substances can move across it freely, while others must move through a "gate" | selectively permeable |
| Transport of materials can be _______ _______ or ______ ______. | passive transport or active transport |
| cellular transport that requires NO EXTRA ENERGY by the cell because molecules move from high concentration to low concentration | passive transport |
| cellular transport that requires EXTRA ENERGY (ATP) to be spent to bring materials into the cell or expel materials out of the cell moving from low concentration to high concentration | active transport |
| Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion are all examples of _____ transport. | passive |
| Molecular Pumps, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis are all examples of ____ transport. | active |
| The type of passive transport where molecules spread out across a membrane until they are equally concentrated on both sides of the membrane | diffusion |
| The type of passive transport where a transport protein acts as a protein channel to help the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane | facilitated diffusion |
| The type of passive transport where water is diffused across the cell membrane | osmosis |
| In a ________ solution, water will tend to move OUT of the cell and the cell shrivels | hypertonic |
| In a ________ solution, water will tend to move INTO a cell and the cell swells | hypotonic |
| In a _______ solution, identical water concentrations to what is found in a cell's cytoplasm and the cell stays the same | isotonic |
| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel | molecular pumps |
| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to IMPORT large amounts of materials INTO the cell using a VESICLE (ex. White blood cells engulf bacteria to fight infection) | endocytosis |
| Two types of endocytosis are ______ (cell "eating") and _______ (cell "drinking" | phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
| The type of active transport where a cell uses energy to EXPORT large amounts of materials OUT OF the cell using a vesicle (ex. Nerve cells release neurotransmitters to pass signals to the brain) | exocytosis |
| gives rise to many IDENTICAL cells | cell division |
| a process that creates special structures and functions | differentiation |
| a repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells | cell cycle |
| Three phases of the cell cycle | interphase, mitosis, cytokenesis |
| The GROWTH PHASE of the cell divided into 3 phases | interphase |
| Interphase has three phases: G1, S, and G2. At the end of the interphase the cell has 2 full sets of __________ | chromosomes |
| one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information | chromosome |
| The CELL DIVISION phase where one cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells | mitosis |
| 5 parts of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| Part of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form out of the centrioles | prophase |
| Part of mitosis where the chromosomes MOVE TO THE MIDDLE of the cell | metaphase |
| Part of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | anaphase |
| Part of mitosis where nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of cell and cytokinesis begins | telophase |
| the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells | cytokinesis |
| Why do body cells divide? | growth and repair |
| programmed cell death (ex. web fingers and toes during development) | apoptosis |
| uncontrolled cell division | cancer |
| clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably | tumor |
| cancer cells that break away from the tumor and are carried to other parts of the body to form more tumors | malignant |
| spread of disease from one organ to others | metastasize |
| abnormal cells typically remain clustered together; it may be harmless and easily removed | benign |
| cancer-causing agents | carcinogens |
Created by:
aaswell