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Human Immune System
A&P II - Human Lymphatic/Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the main function of the lymphatic system | to return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the blood |
| what is lymph | lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels |
| what area of the body drains into the right lymphatic duct | the right side of the head, neck, RUE, and upper right side of the trunk |
| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph | right subclavian vein |
| what lymph vessels drain into the thoracic duct | everything that does not empty into the right lymphatic duct (left side of upper body , lower trunk, and BLE) |
| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | left subclavian vein |
| lymphatic system is a (one-way/two-way) system with valves | the lymphatic system is a ONE-WAY system |
| (lymphatic/blood) capillaries have endothelial minivalves | lymphatic capillaries |
| why are mini-valves special? | they function as one-way gates that allow interstitial fluid to enter but not escape |
| during inflammation, what three things does lymph pick up along with interstitial fluid | cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells |
| what do lymph nodes do wth cell debris, pathogens, anc cancer cells that are in the lymph | lymph nodes "examine" and cleanse the debris |
| where are lacteals located | the digestive tract |
| what are lacteals? | lacteals are specialized lymph capillaries in the digestive tract that absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood |
| lymph vessels (do/do not) have valves | lymph vessels DO have valves |
| between lymph vessels and blood vessels, which ones anastomose more frequently | lymph vessels anastomose more frequently |
| more superficial lymph vessels follow (veins/arteries) | more superficial lymph vessels follow VEINS |
| what circulatory structure do deep lymph vessels tend to follow | deep lymph vessels tend to follow arteries |
| what is the term for the largest collecting lymphatic trunks | lymphatic ducts |
| there are two lymphatic ducts, name them | thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct |
| the right lymphatic duct drains what parts of the body | right upper limb, right side of the head, neck, thorax, and upper abdomen |
| what duct drains a majority of the body | thoracic duct drains most of the body |
| the lymphatic system (has/lacks) a pumping organ | the lymphatic system LACKS a pumping organ |
| in the lymphatic system, vessels are (high/low)-pressure | in the lymphatic system, vessels are LOW-pressure |
| how does lymph return blood to the heart | pulsations from nearby arteries , and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels |
| what is the main white blood cell active in immune response | lymphocytes are the main white blood cells in lymphatic system |
| there are two types of lymphocytes, name them | T lymphocytes (T-Cells) and B Lymphocytes (B-Cells) |
| the T cells and B cells protect the body against ____________________ | T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens |
| what is an antigen | an antigen is anything the body perceives as foreign |
| Bacteria, toxins, and Viruses (are/are not) considered to be antigens | Bacterial, toxins, and viruses ARE considered to be angtigens |
| Mismatched RBC's and Cancer cells (are/are not) considered to be angtigens | Mismatched RBC's and Cancer Cells ARE considered tobe antigens |
| (B/T) Cells manage the immune response | T Cells manage the immune response |
| what cells attack and destroy foreign cells | T cells attack and destroy foreign cells |
| which cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies | the B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies |
| _________________________ are secreted from the B Cells immobilize antigens | antibodies are secreted for the B cells and immobilize antigens |
| what are the principle lymphoid organs of the body | lymph nodes are the principle lymphoid organs of the body |
| where are lymph nodes located | they are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels |
| what are the three locations of the body where aggregations of the lymph nodes occur | the inguinal, axillary, and cervical |
| what are the two main functions of the lymph nodes | filtration and immune system activation |
| how do lymph nodes filter lymph | macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris |
| how does the lymph node activate the immune system | they monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them |
| what is the name of the fibrous inward extensions of the lymph nodes into compartments | trabeculae |
| what are the two histologically distinct regions of a lymph node | the cortex and the medulla |
| what is the largest lymphoid organ that is located right next to the stomach | spleen is the largest lymphoid organ |
| what is the name of blood vessels (artery and vein) that serve the spleen | the splenic artery and the splenic vein serve the spleen |
| where do the splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen | the enter and exit at the hilus |
| what are the three main functions of the spleen | 1) site of lymphocyte proliferation, 2) immune surveillance & response, 3) cleans the blood |
| where are broken down components of RBC's stored for later use | spleen stores broken down components of RBC's |
| what cells in the spleen salvage and store iron | splenic macrophages store iron for later use |
| what is the site of erythrocyte production in a fetus | the spleen is the site of fetal erythrocyte prodution |
| where are platelets stored | platelets are stored in the spleen |
| what organ secretes thymosin and thymopoietin | thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin |
| what two hormones cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent | thymosin and thymopoietin help T lymphocytes become more immunocompetent |
| when is does the thymus increase in size and become most active | during childhood, the thymus increases in size and becomes most active |
| what organ stops growing during adolescence then gradually atrophies in adulthood | the thymus stops growing during adolescence then atrophies during adulthood |
| what lymphoid organ functions strictly in T cell maturation | thymus strictly functions in T cell maturation |
| what is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens | the thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens |
| what are the simplest lymphoid organs | the tonsils are the simplest lymphoid organs |
| where are the palatine tonsils located | either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity |
| where are the lingual tonsils located | lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue |
| where is the pharyngeal tonsil located | the posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
| where are the tubal tonsils located | tubal tonsils surround the openings of hte auditory tubes into the pharynx |
| what histological lymphoid structures are included on the tonsils | follicles and germinal centers |
| the masses of tonsils (are/are not) fully encapsulated | the masses of tonsils ARE NOT fully encapsulated |
| what lymphoid organ contains blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue that invaginates | tonsils have blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue |
| what is the purpose of the blind-ended crypts on tonsils | the crypts of tonsils trap and destroy bacteria and other particulate matter |
| what are peyer's patches | peyer's patches are isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue in the digestive tract |
| what main structures of lymphatic tissue are found in the distal portion of the small intestine and appendix | peyer's patches |
| what is the purpose of lymphoid tissue, in the digestive tract | destroy bacteria and generated "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity |
| what is MALT | mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue |
| what are some examples of MALT | peyer's patchs, tonsils, and appendix, lymphoid nodules in respiratory tract |
| what is the purpose of MALT | protect the G.I. and respiratory systems from foreign matter |
| viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called ________________________ | pathogens |
| which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies | B lymphocytes produce antibodies |
| the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral boarder of the stomach | spleen |
| which type cell engulf pathogens and cell debris | phagocytes |
| which cells are involved in immunological surveillance | natural killer cells |
| a child is given a vaccine to polio. what form of immunity does this represent | artificially induced active immunity |
| what type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells ant lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each othere | MHC II |
| what type of T Cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells | cytotoxic T Cells seek out and destroy abnormal or infected cells |
| which antibody (Ig_____) is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer | IgM |
| AIDS is an example of _________________ (an immune complex disorder/a hypersensitivity/an immunodeficiency/an autoimmune disorder) | AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency |
| The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that CANNOT distinguish one potential threat from another are called _______________ | innate defenses |
| the three major components of the lymphatic system include the ____________________ | lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs |
| lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are ___________________________ | helper T and suppressor T cells |
| normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the ________________ and the ____________________ | lymphopoiesis is located in red bone marrow and the lymphatic tissue |
| mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense | mucous, sweat glands, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to physical barriers |
| what is the "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion | phagocytes |
| Natural Killer cells contain the perforin and protectin that provides a type of immunity called ___________________________ | immunological surveillance |
| what are the two major ways that the body "carries out" the immune response to a specific antigen | direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies |
| an adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by _________________ | an antigen |
| a cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which immune response | a cytotoxic reaction |
| before and antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by ___________________ | macrophage must process an antigen prior to stimulating a lymphocyte |
| the T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are _____________________ | suppressor T cells |
| an antibody exhibits a high degree of flexibility as a result of the interchangeability of the ____________________ | variable segment |
| antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of _________________ and _________________. | basophils and mast cells |
| the epitope site is the certain portion of the antigen's exposed surface where ________________________ | the antibody attaches |
| For a B cell to be activated, it must ___________________________. | be bound by a helter T Cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody |
| the ability to demonstrate and immune response after exposure to an antigen is called ___________________ | immunocompetence |
| A baby developing in the womb has _________________________ immunity because it receives _____________________ antibodies from its mother | naturally acquired passive immunity, receives IgG from mother |
| tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the _______________ | fluid enters the lymphatic system via the lymph capillaries |
| when an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with ______________________ | the activation of specific T cells and B cells |
| In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? | stimulation and coordination of inflammation by release of histamine and heparin |
| chemical mediators of inflammation include what 4 things | 1) histamine, 2) heparin, 3) prostaglandins, and 4) complements |
| T cells that are activated by costimulation involving a class i MHC and CD8 makers are called _____________________ | cytotoxic T cells are activated by costimulation involving a class I MHC and CD8 |
| what type of cells do B lymphocytes differentiate into? | memory cells and plasma cells |
| ______________ may activate B cells, whereas _______________ inhibit the activity of B cells | Helper T Cells activate B Cells, and suppressor T cells inhibit the B cells |
| the primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of ____________________ cells | cytotoxic T cells is the produced as the primary response of CD8 T cells differentiation |
| the vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called | artificially induced active immunity |
| In passive immunity, (T and B cells/antigens/lymphocytes/antibodies) are introduced into the body by injection | antibodies |
| what is the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen | initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells |
| the antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called | immunoglobulins |
| the genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex are also called _____________________ | human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
| memory B cells do NOT differentiate into plasma cells UNLESS they are _____________________ | exposed to the same antigen a second time |
| The three-dimensional "fit" between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant site is referred to as_________________ | the antibody-antigen complex |
| one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is ______________ | depression of the inflammatory response |
| what type of nonspecific immunity mobilizes defenses and accelerates repairs | fever |
| what type of nonspecific immunity removes debris and pathogens | phagocytes |
| what type of the nonspecific immunity prevents the approach of and deny access to pathogens | physical barriers |
| what type of the nonspecific immunity attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis | complement system |
| what type of the nonspecific immunity increases resistance of cells to viral infection | interferons |
| what type of nonspecific immunity destroys abnormal cells | immunological surveillance |
| what type of immunity is genetically determined, no prior exposure of antibody production involved | innate immunity |
| what is artificially induced active immunity | develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease |
| what is adaptive immunity | produced by exposure to an antigen not present at birth |
| what type of immunity develops after exposure to antigens in environment | naturally induced active immunity |
| what is innate immunity | genetically determined, no prior exposure or antibody production involved |
| what type of immunity is produced by transfer of antibodies from another person | artificially acquired passive immunity |
| what originates as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes, and do not contain walls with cells not tightly bound together | lymph capillaries do not contain walls with cells |
| what is located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation | the thymus is large in children and diminishes with age and is the sit of T cell maturation |
| what organ contains both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells | the spleen contain red/white pulp and is site of removal for abnormal cells |
| in the lymphatic system, which is the smallest of organs, having a diameter of up to 1-inch and containing afferent and efferent lymphatics | lymph nodes are 1 inch in diameter and have afferent and efferent lymphatics |
| most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal and pharyngeal areas | there are five TONSILS located in the mouth, nasal and pharyngeal areasl |
| what does the term "tolerance" mean in the Immune system | tolerance is the ability of the immune system to ignore normal, self antigens while responding to foreign, nonself antigens |
| what does the term "versatility" mean in the immune system | the ability of the immune system to respond to tens of thousands of antigens by producing an enormous number of lymphocyte populations, each with sensitivity to a unique set of antigens |
| what term describes the ability of the immune system to produce a response to a particular antigen and no other. This is a results of the ability to activate specific lymphocytes | specificity |
| what term best describes the immune system's ability to "remember" specific antigens through the production of memory cells, which are produced after an initial exposure to an antigen | memory |
| which cells realign it's golgi Apparatus to secrete perforins causing lysis of cancerous or virus-infected cells | natural killer cells realign their golgi apparatus and release perforins |
| ____________________ are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infection | interferons are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infections |
| (lymph/blood plasma) contains more proteins than (lymph/blood plasma) | BLOOD PLASMA contains more proteins than LYMPH |
| Ig_________________ is the must abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body | IgG is the most abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body |
| what is a pathogens | a pathogen is any microscoping organism that causes diseases |
| which of the following are considered to be pathogens? (viruses/bacteria/fungi/parasites) | all of the options provided are considered to be pathogens |
| what is the ability to resist infection and disease | immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease |
| name the five components of the lymphatic system | lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue/organs, lymphoid cells |
| what is a fluid that is similar to plasma but lacks protiens | lymph is similar to plasma and has no proteins |
| the ____________________ carries lymph from peripheral tissues to veins | lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins |
| where are lymphocytes produced | lymphocytes are produced in primary lymphoid tissues and organs (the red bone marrow and thymus) |
| where are lymphocytes activated | lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs (tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen) |
| where are primary lymphoid tissues | red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissue |
| what are secondary lymphoid tissue and organs | tonsils, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, and spleen |
| what is the lymphatic function of the primary lymphoid tissue | to produce lymphocytes |
| what part of the body carries interstitial fluid from the peripheral tissues back to the venous system | the lymphatic vessels carry interstitial fluid from peripheral tissues to venous system |
| what is lymph. | lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels |
| name the four ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries | 1) lymph capillaries are closed at one end, 2) lymph capillaries have larger luminal diameters, 3) lymph capillaries have thinner walls, 4) lymph capillaries have flat/irregular outline in sectional view |
| what are lacteals | lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines |
| what is the purpose of lacteals | lacteals transport lipids from the digestive tract |
| lymphatic (vessels/capillaries) join together to form lymphatic trunks | lymphatic vessels form lymphatic trunks |
| how many lymphatic trunks are in the body and what are their names | there are two (2) lymphatic trunks in the body and they are called the thoracic duct and the Right Lymphatic duct |
| where does the thoracic duct start | the thoracic duct starts at the cisterna chyli |
| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein |
| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into | empties into the right subclavian vein |
| when does lymphedema usually occur | lymphedema occurs when there is a blockage of lymph drainage |
| what is lymphhedema | lymphedema is severe swelling caused by a blockage in a lymph vessel |
| how does lymphedema affect the immune system | lymphedema affects the immune system functions |
| most lymphocytes are (stored/circulating) | most lymphocytes are STORED |
| about how many (in percent) are circulating | about 20-40 percent is circulating |
| where are germinal centers located? | germinal centers are located in lymphoid nodules |
| what occurs in Germinal Centers | germinal centers contain dividing lymphocytes |
| where are the 5 tonsils located | pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil, twp palatine tonsils, and two lingual tonsils |
| what would you call inflammation of the tonsils | tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils |
| which tonsils are usually the tonsils that have tonsilitis | usually the palatine tonsils get tonsillitis |
| what does MALT stand for | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
| where is MALT mostly associated with what other system | MALT is mostly associated with the digestive system |
| where are aggregated lymphoid nodules located | aggregated lymphoid nodules are clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining |
| what are aggregated lymphoid nodules mostly associated with | aggregated lymphoid nodules are part of MALT |
| the MALT organ, _________________ contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules | appendix contains lymphoid nodules |
| where do blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node | nerves and blood vessels reach the lymph node at the hilum |
| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry lymph from TO the lymph node | afferent lymphatics carry blood to the lymph node |
| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry blood AWAY from the lymph node | efferent carry blood away from the lymph node |
| where doe efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node | efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum |
| what is in the lymph node cortex | B cells and germinal centers |
| what is area of the lymph node is dominated by T cells | paracortex is dominated by T cells |
| what are the two major functions of the lymph nodes | 1) purify lymph prior to returning to blood circulation, 2) antigens released due to infection |
| what organ removes 99% of antigens | lymph nodes remove 99 % of antigens |
| the lymph nodes in what areas of the body will swell in response to infection | groin, axillae, and base ov neck |
| what is lymphadenopathy | chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes |
| generally speaking, lymphadenopathy is a symptom of what two things | 1) infections, or 2) certain cancers |
| what is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty | the thymus is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty |
| how does the atrophy of the thymus affect the immune system | thymus atrophy can diminish the effectiveness of the immune system |
| what is a hormone that is produced by the thymus | thymosin is produced by the thymus |
| what is the function of thymosin | thymosin promotes the development and maturation of T Cells |
| what are the three functions of the spleen | 1) refomes abnormal blood cells and other abnormal components of blood, 2) stores iron from recycled RBC's, and 3) initiates immune responses of T and B Cells |
| what is a splenectomy | the removal of a severely ruptured spleen |
| what is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances | immunity is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances |
| what is resistance | resistance is the ability to maintain immunity |
| the body's reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances is ____________________________ | immune response is the body's reaction to infectious agents |
| what are the two types of defenses | 1) innate (nonspecific) defenses, and 2) Adaptive (Specific) defenses |
| (innate/adaptive) defenses always works the same way no matter what the pathogen | innate defenses always reacts the same way |
| (innate/adaptive) defenses protects against specific pathogens and always depends on activities of lymphocytes | adaptive defenses works against specific pathogens and depends on specific types of lymphocytes |
| of the two types of defenses which one develops after exposure to environmental hazards | adaptive (specific) develops after exposure to environmental hazards |
| adaptive defenses provide two types of immune responses, what are they | Humoral immunity and cellular immunity are both part of the adaptive immunity |
| what is lymphocyte production called | lymphocytopoiesis is the process of lymphocyte production |
| where does lymphocytopoiesis occur (name the tissues in order of T Cells) | Red Bone marrow, Thymus, and Peripheral lymphoid tissues |
| lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a ________________________ cell in the ____________________________ | lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a HEMATOBLAST in the RED BONE MARROW |
| when a lymphoid stem cells stays in the red bone marrow helps to develop in the lymphoid stem cells develop | stromal cells help lymphoid stem cells develop in the red bone marrow |
| lymphoid stem cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either ____________________ or _______________________ | lymphoid cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either NATURAL KILLER CELLS or B LYMPHOCYTES |
| what helps B Cells differentiate with exposure to __________________ | interleukin-7 |
| when a lymphoid stem cell migrates to the thymus , mature in an environment that is in the (presence/absence) of blood | lymphoid stem cells mature in the ABSENCE of blood in the thymus |
| when do T Cells in the Thymus differentiate | T Cells differentiate with exposure to Thymosin Hormones |
| which of the immune defenses cannot distinguish one pathogen from another | innate defenses cannot distinguish from one pathogen to another |
| physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of what type of immune defenses | physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of INNATE DEFENSES |
| Complement are (innate/adaptive) defenses | complements are INNATE defenses |
| inflammation is part of the (innate/adaptive) defenses | inflammation is an INNATE defense |
| fever is an example of what type of immune defense | fever is an example of INNATE defense |
| list some examples of physical barriers that help prevent pathogens from entering the body | skin, hair, epithelium of the GI and urinary tracts, secretions |
| (microphages/macrophages/both) are all phagocytes that are part of the innate defenses | both microphages and macrophages are phagocytic |
| what form of innate defenses engulf pathogens then destroy them with lysosomal enzymes | phagocytes engulf pathogens and destroy them with lysosomal activity |
| ______________________ bind to pathogens so that other cells can destroy it | phagocytes bind to pathogens |
| _________________________ release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid | phagocytes release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluids |
| Immune surveillance is carried out by _____________________________ | natural killer cells participate with immune surveillance |
| once a natural killer is activated, how does it kill a pathogen | 1) adhere to abnormal cells, 2) Golgi Apparatus realigns and produces vesicles containing perforins, 3) release perforins by exocytosis, 4) performins form pores in plasma membrane of abnormal cell causing lysis |
| what chemical is released by natural killers to help lysis abnormal cells | perforins |
| what is tumor specific antigens | tumor specific antigens are located on the cell membranes of cancer cells |
| what is immunological escape | the ability of some cancers cells to avoid detection of natural killer cells |
| how do natural killer cells kill viruses | an infected cell can produce abnormal proteins on the membrane allowing them to be easily identifiable by the NK Cells |
| _____________________ are small proteins that trigger the production of antiviral proteins and block replication in the body cells | interferons are small proteins that trigger production of anti viral protiens |
| interferons are a type of ____________________ | interferons are a type of CYTOKINES |
| what are Cytokines | cytokines are chemical messengers that are released by tissue cells for immune response |
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