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Chapter 11 A&P

Study Guide

QuestionAnswer
What is graded potentials? Small, brief, local changes in membrane potential that act as short distance signals. The current produced dissipates w/ distance
The term Central Nervous System refers to the brain and spinal cord
____ is a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheths of neurons in the CNS, particularly in young adults Multiple Sclerosis
What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? cranial and spinal nerves
How would you describe serial processing? One neuron stmulates the next in sequence, producing specific, predictable responses, as in spinal reflexes.
Neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. What are the different groups and what is characteristic of each? sensory neurons - conduct impulses toward CNSmotor neurons - conduct away from CNSintern neurons (association) - lie between sensory and motor neurons in the neural pathways.
action potential a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber.
Depolarization loss of a state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential.
absolute refractory period period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked
relative refractory period follows the absolute refractory period, intercal when a threshold for action potential stimulation is markedly elevated.
repolarization movement of the membrane potential to the initial resting (polarized) state.
norepinephrine a catecholamine neurotranmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation.
What are special characteristics of neurons? They have extreme longevity, they are amitotic(control every function of the body),high metabolic rate and require continuous and abdunant supplies of oxygen and glucose.
Ependymal celss function to create chroid plexus/play an active role in moving cerebrspinal fluid
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerbe cell via the synapse
the sheath of Schwann is also called the neurilemma
the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called an axon
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called ganglia
a neuron that has as its rimary function the job of concerning other neurons is called an association neuron
receptive region dendrites
trigger zone a specific area that when stimulated by touch,pain,or pressure excites an attack of neurologic
reverberating circuit a circular circuit that returns a signal to its source
converging circuit signs from many neurons are sent on to just a few
diverging circuit signs from one neuron sent out to many others
Substance P short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter.
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until the refractory period
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is lower
That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles in the ______nervous system somatic
A gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is call a node of Ranvier
The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the electrical synapse
When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is call spatial summation
define neurotransmitter "language" of the nervous system; each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body.
What symptoms would a nurse focus on in his or her care of a patient with multiple sclerosis? muscle or motor symptoms, visual symptoms, and sensory symptoms
 

 



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