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VET 113 CH4 Vocab.
Cell Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Subcutaneous Edema | When fluid leaks into the tissue under the skin. |
| Active Membrane Process | -absorptive or excretory processes that require energy -movement of molecules |
| Pulmonary Edema | When fluid leaks from vessels into the surrounding lung tissue. |
| Kinetic Energy | - Molecules are constantly moving, gyrating, and at times, bouncing into one another. - Increase at warmer temps. - Decrease at colder temps. |
| Concentration Gradient | The spectrum between the area of highest concentration and the area of lowest concentration. (High to Low = diffusion) |
| Diffusion | - KINETIC MOVEMENT - The tendency for molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. - Moving down the concentration gradient |
| 3 Principle factors that determine Passive Diffusion | 1. Molecular Size = very small (H2O) 2. Lipid solubility = alcohol, steroids, dissolved gases 3. Molecular Charge = need channels |
| Facilitated Diffusion | - NO ENERGY - Diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteins - Reaction is unable to be preformed as simple diffusion and requires no energy or ATP |
| Impermeable | Refers to structures that do not allow the passage of fluid. |
| Freely Impermeable | Structures that allow the passage of fluids |
| Selectively Permeable | Structures that allow some things pass through but others not. |
| Voltage | - Potential electrical energy created by separation of opposite electric changes on either side of the cell membrane. - All cells possess and maintain a membrane potential. |
| Membrane Potential | - The difference in voltage that exists on either side of a cell membrane caused by the different concentrations of positive and negative charges. - Difference in Permeability |
| Meiosis | - Reduction division that reproductive cells undergo during their development. - Results in a reduction of chromosome # from the normal diploid # to the haploid # (half of the diploid #) - Reproductive cells divide |
| Reproductive Cells | - Cells found in ovary and testies that carry the genetic code. - Each cell contains 1/2 of genetic code, which is expressed as a haploid # of chromosomes (gametes). |
| Somatic Cells | Non-reproductive cells found throughout the body, containing a dip[loid # of chromosomes and replication themselves through the cell division process of mitosis. |
| Mitotic Phase (M) | - Cell is actively dividing - Mitosis, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| Centromere | - Protein disc that holds a pair of chromatids together as a chromosome and then holds that chromosome to a spindle fiber during cell division. - Point where identical DNA strands become chromatids (central point). |
| Water of Oxidation (Metabolic H2O) | - Animals take in H2O from eating moist or wet foods & drinking fluids. - Small amount of H2O is produced as the by-product of cellular metabolism. |
| Insensible H2O loss | - Animal loses H2O - Vaporized away from body during respiration and diffuses passively away from skin. - IE: sweating, vocalizing, urinating, defecating |
| Extracellular Fluid | - The fluid located outside the cell. - 1/3 of TBW (total body H2O) |
| Intracellular Fluid | - Fluid that is contained within cells, - 2/3 (vast majority) of total body water |
| Interstitial Fluid | - Tissue fluid - Fluid contained within the tissues except for the fluid found within lymph and blood vessels. |
| Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs) | - 1 protein isolated that allow the cell to enter mitosis. - Present at constant levels in the cell and are activated when they bind to cyclin proteins. - Activated, trigger a cascade of enzymatic activity, which enables cell division. |
| Intravascular Fluid | Extracellular fluid found in lymphatic and blood vessels. |
| Solutes | - Body fluids are filled w/ many different kinds of particles. - Substance that is dissolved in another. - Component of a solution that is present in lesser amounts |
| Cation | + charged ions (Na, Mg, Ca, K) |
| Anion | - charged ions |
| Ion | - An electrically charged atom or molecule - Cations - Anions |
| Electrolyte | A substance that conducts an electric current in solutions |
| Alkaline | - Adjective describes substances with a pH above 7 (basic) - Solutions have fewer hydrogen ions (more hydroxide ions) than pure H2O |
| Osmolality | - Measurements of the solute concentrations in fluids - High concentration of solutes = high osmolality - Very w/ narrow range |
| High or Low Osmolality: DEHYDRATION | High osmolality |
| High or Low osmolality: OVERHYDRATION | Low osmolality |
| High or low osmolality: PRESENCE OF HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSED BY DIABETES | High osmolality |
| High/low osmolality: PROBLEMS W/ THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN THE BRAIN, WHICH PRODUCES ADH | Low osmolality w/ trauma to the head |
| High/low osmolality: POISONING BY ETHYLENE GLYCOL | High osmolality |
| High/low osmolality: EXCESSIVE USE OF STEROIDS | Low osmolality |
| Edema | - Common sign of abnormal movement of fluid from vascular space into the interstitial space. - Abnormal accumulation of fluid, either localized or generalized, within the tissues or cavities of the body. |
| Cutaneous edema | When fluid leaks from vessels into the skin |
| Cell membrane | - Selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell that is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protein, and cholesterol - Plasma membrane - Plasmalemma |
| Pitting cutaneous edema | - Identified if an indentation remains in the skin after pressure - Condition in when dents are left behind in moist, edematous tissue when pressed firmly. |
| Fluid therapy administered phases (3) | 1. Resuscitation 2. Replacement 3. Maintenance |
| Resuscitation fluid | Goal is increase the volume of fluid in the intravascular space and to raise blood pressure quickly |
| Replacement fluid | - Administered to correct dehydration, replace fluid losses and to provide for maintenance fluid requirements. - Replacement = loss from dehydration + ongoing losses + maintenance fluid needs |
| Hypertonic | - When the concentration of particles in solution is higher outside the cell. - May cause H20 to move from the inside to the outside of the cell to attain equilibrium. - Cell shrivels and becomes crenated |
| Hypotonic | - Concentration of a solution outside the cell is lower than it is on the inside of the cell. - Water will tend to flow into the cell toward the higher concentration. - Causing swelling and possible rupture of the cell. |
| Isotonic | - Equal osmotic pressure present on either side of the cell membrane. - Products with an osmolality comparable to that of normal blood, such as 0.9% NaCl. |
| Osmosis | - The passive movement of H20 through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the H20 concentration is lower. - Goal is to achieve the same concentration of solution on both sides of a semipermeable membrane = equilibrium |
| Equilibrium | - OSMOSIS - Balance of solutes & solution between the inside and outside of the cell. - Salt and water concentrations - Concentration balance |
| Osmotic Pressure | - The force of fluid moving from 1 side of a semipermeable membrane to other side because of differences in solute (dissolved) concentrations on the 2 sides of membranes. - Fluid moves from lower to higher = equalize concentrations |
| Oncotic pressure | - The difference between the osmotic pressure of blood & the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid or lymph - Important force in maintaining fluid balance between the blood & lymph in vessels and the fluid in surrounding tissues |
| Ascites | - Abnormal condition in which an excessive amount of fluid accumulation is present in the abdominal cavity. - Abdominal distention or a potbellied appearance can be clinically evident |
| Filtration | The passage of a fluid, in response to pressure, through a semipermeable membrane that allows the liquid portion to pass through but not cells & large molecules such as proteins. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | - The force that propels a liquid. - Based on pressure gradient (filtration) |
| Symport system | - ACTIVE TRANSPORT - A system in which all of the substances are moved in the same direction. - Many active transport systems move more than one substance at a time. |
| Active Transport | - ACTIVE MEMBRANE PROCESS - Process that moves ions or molecules across the cell membrane and against the concentration gradient. - Requires energy - Does not require a concentration gradient |
| Antiport system | When two separate materials are moved across the plasma membrane in opposite direction at the same time. |
| Cytosis | - The active transport of materials into or out of the cell. The transported material is bound by a membrane. - Bringing nutrients into the cell and ejecting waste. - Requires ATP |
| Endocytosis | "GOING INTO THE CELL" - Taking in of a material from the outside of the cell by creating a "mouth" with the plasma membrane. - Membrane engulfs the material & pinches off @ the ends to form a vesicle |
| Phagocytosis | "CELL EATING" - Ingestion of microorganisms or other substances by phagocytic cells. (neutrphis, monocytes, macrophages) - Cell engulfs solid material |
| Phagosome | The vesicle formed by phagocytosis, which contains material to be digested. |
| Pinocytosis | The ingestion by a cell of liquid material through endocytosis ("CELL DRINKING") |
| Phagocytize | - The verb describing ingestion of solid material by a cell - White blood cells - Police tissues and keep them free of foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses |
| Amoeboid motion | "ARMLIKE PROJECTIONS" - Amoeba-like movement accomplished by the extension of pseudopodia to create a streaming movements of cytoplasm |
| Pseudopodia (pseudopod) | "FALSE FOOT" - Temporary extension of the cell's membrane & cytoplasm either for locomotion or to engulf nourishment |
| Receptor - mediated endocytosis | "VERY SPECIFIC" - A very specialized form of endocytosis that only allows the cell to incorporate those materials that have protein receptor sites specifically for that material on the cell. - Specific proteins in their plasma membrane |
| Coated pit | "RECEPTOR-MEDIATED" - Parts of cell membrane that have a hair like coating necessary for endocytic functions - Portions of cell membrane pinch off to form vesicles that aid in the intracellular transport of materials |
| Exocytosis | "GOING OUT OF THE CELL" - Passage of materials too large to diffuse through the cell membrane by packaging them in vesicles, transporting them to the cell membrane and then pressing them out of the cell - Excretion and secretion |
| Excretion | - The elimination of waste materials from the cell or body - Exocytosis |
| Secretion | - The process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful product - Used to refer to the product itself - Exocytosis |
| Passive Membrane Process | Absorptive or excretory processes that do not require energy. |
| Simple Diffusion | The ability of some molecules, such as oxygen, water and carbon dioxide, to pass through the cell membrane without the aid of carrier proteins. |
| Carrier Protein | Any protein that facilitates diffusion of a specific molecule through the cell membrane. (aids in transportation) |
| Resting Membrane Potential | - The electric charge of some cells at rest, caused by differing concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell membrane. - Changes in environmental tonicity, osmotic pressures, temp, and contact with neighboring cells may alter resting membrane. |
| Mitosis | "M" - Cell division of somatic cells for growth and to replace old or dead cells. - Chromosomes first duplicate themselves and then pull apart into 2 daughter cells - Preserves the diploid chromosomes |
| Interphase | "METABOLIC PHASE" - Period between cell divisions durning which all normal growth and functions occur - G1, S, G2 - Nucleus and nucleoli are visible and the chromatin is arranged loosely throughout the nucleus |
| Growth One Phase (G1) | - Part of interphase, during cell division, the cell enlarges and organelles replicate over times which varies between cell types. -Cellular growth - Metabolic activity - Stage 1 of interphase |
| Synthetic Phase (S) | - The period spent by the cell in preparation for cell division, in which the cell begins to replicate and synthesize DNA - Progress more rapidly - Second stage of interphase |
| Growth Two Phase (G2) | - Part of interphase, during cell division, enzymes and proteins are synthesized and the centrioles complete their replication - Centrioles complete their replication - Final |
| Cytokinesis | The separation of the cytoplasm into 2 separate daughter cells during the mitotic stage of cell division called TELOPHASE |
| Metaphase | The phase of mitosis when the newly formed chromosomes align on a medial plane or "equator" between the 2 centrioles located @ each of the dividing cells (exact center of the spine) |
| Metaphase Plate | - During metaphase, the site where chromosomes line up & are evenly distributed. - Midway between poles of the cell |
| Anaphase | -Phase of Mitosis -Daughter chromosomes begin to migrate to their respective centrioles; away from the center of the dividing cell. -Splits in half and each single strand becomes its own independent chromosomes -Spindle fiber shortens |
| Telophase | "FINAL STAGE" -Phase of mitosis when the daughter chromos. return to being long-fiber chromatids, the nuclear envelope & nucleoli reappear, and the cell has completed its formation of 2 completely independent daughter cells |
| Contact Inhibition | - That property that inhibits cells from dividing when in proximity to other cells. - Normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with surrounding cells. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | - One of the main components of protein synthesis - mRNA transfers the specific amino acid sequence of the genetic code of DNA to the cytoplasm, where protein is synthesized. |
| Transcription | - The process of transcribing the genetic code from DNA & RNA through protein synthesis using messenger RNA. - Process of making mRNA |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | - Carries Amino acid - Transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis - Nucleotides or anticodons of tRNA base-pair with the codon triplets of mRNA to accomplish the process. |
| Translation | -Process of protein synthesis using mRNA to transfer genetic information in the form of nucleotides into amino acid form. -Process occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. |
| Terminators | - STOP SIGNAL - Codes within the DNA sequence that indicate where RNA synthesis should end. |
| RNA Polymerase | - An enzyme that aids in transcription by converting DNA base sequences into RNA base sequence. - Special enzyme binds to a DNA molecule and coordinates bonding between DNA and RNA |
| Exon | - Parts of a gene's DNA sequence that are coded. - Separated by noncoding portions, called introns, which are spliced out to join the eons together to form messenger RNA - Separate informational triplets |
| Intron | - Spaces between coded eons of a gene's DNA sequence that do not contain codes - DNA has non informational or "nonsense" triplets |
| Codon | - Genetic code of an amino acid expressed in DNA or messenger RNA as 3 bases - Each represents a different amino acid. They translate into the order of the amino acids in the protein. |
| Small Ribonucleoproteins | - COMPLEXES - RNA - protein complexes that remove conceded introns from mRNA and splice together the coded eons to create a complete and identical copy of the DNA gene - Cutout the introns |
| Spliceosomes | - Specialized areas in the nucleus created by small ribonucleic proteins that remove conceded introns from mRNA - Form an assembly line - Specialized RNA-protein complexes |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | - One of the main components of ribosomes - Aids in protein synthesis and the combination of amino acids to create protein molecules - Protein and rRNA molecules are interwoven to form 2, unequally sized, globular units. |
| Anticodon | - Triplet pair of nucleotides in tRNA that corresponds to the triplet bases or codons of mRNA - Bonds between mRNA and tRNA molecules occur only if the nitrogenous bases in the codon and anticodon are complementary. |
| Genetic Code | - Unique order of pyrimidine - and purine-based nucleotides that govern the arrangement and transmission of genetic information in all living things. - exception of RNA-based viruses - Three nitrogenous bases represent one amino acid |
| Gene | - SUBUNITS OF DNA MOLECULES - Specific sites on chromosomes that dictate heredity. Some control specific phenotypic trait whereas other traits require many genes for proper expression. - Carries all of the information necessary to make 1 peptide chain |
| Chromatids | - Strands of genetic material that, when joined together with another chromatid by a centromere, form a chromosome - Linked together at a constriction in the middle - centromere |
| Cyclins | - Protein isolated that allow the cell to enter mitosis - Regulatory proteins whose levels increase and decrease throughout each cell life cycle. |
| Promoters | Codes within the DNA sequence that indicate where RNA synthesis should begin - START SIGNALS |
| Mutation | A sudden and irreversible genetic change that causes a difference between offspring and their parents. - GENETIC ERROR |
| Mutagen | - An agent that can create a transmissible genetic change in an organism's DNA - Can affect genetic material in several ways - Virus - Ionizing radiation - Chemicals |
| Development | - The growth of an organism to full size or maturity - Miraculously choreographed event |
| Differentiation | - The progressive acquisition of individual characteristics by cells to enable them to perform different functions. - Temporary or permanent inhibition of genes that may be active in other cells |
| Mitotic Phase | - The period during which cell division occurs. - Divided into the main phases of interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Prophase | - The phase during mitotic division when chromatin becomes visible & organizes into chromosomes by joining 2 strands via a centromere - Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear - Centrioles divide and replicate traveling to either "pole" of the cell |
| Absorptive cell | - Found in small intestine that can absorb nutrients from the luminal surface via phagocytosis and pinocytosis - Large surface areas as a result of the presence of microvilli = increases absorptive capability |
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