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PSYC 206 Unit 1
PSYC 206
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development | The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life |
| What is true of life expectancy? | Life expectancy for Americans has increases by nearly 30 years since the 1900s |
| Life-Span Perspective | Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss; and constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors |
| Normative Age-Graded Influences | Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group |
| Normative History-Graded Influences | Influences that are common to people in a particular generations because of historical circumstances |
| Nonnormative Life Events | Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life |
| Culture | The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation |
| Cross-Cultural Studies | Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures, these provide information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific |
| Ethnicity | A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language |
| SES | Socioeconomic Status, classification of a person's position in society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
| Gender | The characteristics of people as males or females |
| Social Policy | A govt's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens |
| Biological Processes | Processes that produce changes in an individual's physical nature |
| Cognitive Processes | Processes that involve changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language |
| Socioemotional Processes | Processes that involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality |
| Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience | Explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain |
| Developmental Social Neuroscience | Examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain |
| What are the eight periods of development? | Prenatal: conception-birth Infancy: 0-18/24 Early Childhood: 3-5 Middle & Late Childhood: 6-10/11 Adolescence: 10/12-18/21 Early Adulthood: 20s & 30s Middle Adulthood: 40s & 50s Late Adulthood: 60s-death |
| Emerging Adulthood | Developmental time frame occurring from approximately 18-25 years of age, transitional period between adolescence and adulthood characterized by experimentation and exploration |
| What are five key features that characterize adulthood? | Identity exploration, instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, and the age of possibilities , a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives |
| What has been discovered about happiness and age? | US adults tend to be happier as they age with an upward trend over the aging process until major declines are encountered, but this may vary by location/individual/etc. |
| Chronological Age | The number of years that have elapsed since birth |
| Biological Age | A person's age in terms of biological health, regarding body function and physical capabilities |
| Psychological Age | Reflects one's adaptive capacities compared to their peers, and often reflects flexibility, coping skills, clarity, and conscientiousness, etc. |
| Social Age | Refers to connectedness with others and social roles that individuals adopt |
| Normal Aging | Characterizes most individuals in which their psychological function often peaks in early middle age, and is stable until declines begin |
| Pathological Aging | Characterizes individuals who show greater than average declines as they age through the adult years, may have mild cognitive impairment in early old age or be impaired by daily functioning |
| Successful Aging | Characterizes individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socialemotional development is maintained longer with declines occurring later in life |
| Nature-Nurture Issue | Debate between which factor influences development more, biological inheritance vs environmental experiences |
| Stability-Change Issue | Debate as to what degree we become older renditions of our earlier selves (stability) or whether we develop into someone different from who we were previously (change) |
| Continuity-Discontinuity Issue | Debate that focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) |
| Theory | An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions |
| Hypotheses | Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy |
| Psychoanalytic Theories | Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion, behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the mind should be analyzed to understand behavior |
| Freud's Stages | Birth-1 1/2 : oral 1 1/2-3: anal 3-6: phallic 6-puberty: latency Puberty Onward: genital |
| Erikson's Theory | Theory that proposes eight stages of human development that each consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved |
| Erikson's 8 Stages | 0-1: Trust vs Mistrust 1-3: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt 3-5: Initiative vs Guilt 6-P: Industry vs Inferiority 10-20: Identify vs Identity Confusion 20s-30s: Intimacy vs Isolation 40s-50s: Generativity vs Stagnation 60s-Death: Integrity vs Despair |
| Cognitive Theories | Theories emphasize the importance of conscious thought |
| Piaget's Theory | Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development |
| What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? | 0-2: Sensorimotor Stage 2-7: Preoperational Stage 7-1: Concrete Operational Stage 11-15: Formal Operational Stage |
| Vygotsky's Theory | Sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how cultural and social interaction guide cognitive development |
| Information Processing Theory | Theory emphasizing that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it; central to this are the processes of memory and thinking |
| Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories | Theories that emphasize continunity in development rather than stages |
| Skinner's Operant Conditioning | Consequences influence behavior along with reward systems which causes people to have the ability to be conditioned |
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory | Theoretical view that behavior, environment, and cognition are key factors in development; emphasizes modeling |
| Ethology | Theory stressing that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods |
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory | Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem |
| Eclectic Theoretical Orientation | No single theory can explain the complexity of life-span development |
| Laboratory | A controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" have been removed |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing behavior in real-world settings |
| Standardized Test | A test that has uniform procedures for administration and scoring , allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals |
| Case Study | An in-depth look at a single individual performed mainly by health professionals |
| Descriptive Research | A type of research that aims to observe and record behavior |
| Correlational Research | A type of research that strives to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics |
| Correlation Coefficient | A number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the difference between two variables |
| Experiment | Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence behavior being studies are manipulated while all other factors remain constant |
| Cross-Sectional Approach | A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared one at a time |
| Longitudinal Approach | A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more |
| Cohort Effects | Characteristics attributable to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age |
| What are four important issues addressed by APA guidelines for research? | Informed Consent, Confidentiality, Debriefing, and Deception |
| Ethnic Gloss | Use of an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is |
| Evolutionary Psychology | A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| DNA | A complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information |
| Genes | Units of hereditary information composed of DNA, genes help cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins that direct body processes |
| Mitosis | Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself; two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| Meiosis | A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes) |
| Fertilization | A stage in reproduction when an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote |
| Zygote | A single cell formed through fertilization |
| Genotype | All of a person's actual genetic material |
| Phenotype | Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual , such as height, hair color, and intelligence |
| Dominant-Recessive Genes | Dominant genes are overriding in their potential influence of the other gene while recessive genes exert influence only when two genes of a pair are both recessive |
| Sex-Linked Genes | Males only have one X gene, females have two, which increases the likelihood of a male to have an X-linked disease such as hemophilia or fragile X syndrome |
| Genetic Imprinting | Occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited by the mother or the father which often silences the other gene |
| Down Syndrome | A chromosally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY, may lead to undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and tall height |
| Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) | A chromosomal disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks, more common in males and often leads to intellectual disability |
| Turner Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted, may lead to infertility and poor mathematics skills |
| XYY Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome, may contribute to aggression and violence |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | A genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid; now easily detected but can result in intellectual disability and hyperactivity in left untreated |
| Sickle-Cell Anemia | A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in African Americans, prevents RBCs from carrying oxygen properly |
| Behavior Genetics | The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development |
| Twin Study | A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins |
| Adoption Study | A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents |
| Passive Genotype-Environment Correlations | Correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child |
| Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlations | Correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments |
| Active (Niche-Picking) Genotype-Environment Correlations | Correlations that exist when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating |
| Epigenetic View | Perspective that emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment |
| Gene x Environment (G x E) Interaction | The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment |
| Germinal Period | The period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception; it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the wall of the uterus |
| Embryonic Period | The period of prenatal development that occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception; the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear |
| Organogenesis | Process of organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development |
| Fetal Period | The prenatal period of development that begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months, on average |
| Teratogen | Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy |
| Doula | A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth |
| Natural Childbirth | A childbirth method that attempts to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth stages and relaxation techniques during delivery |
| Prepared Childbirth | Developed by French obstetrician Ferdinand Lamaze, a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth but one that teaches a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and provide details about A & P |
| Apgar Scale | A widely used method to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth; it evaluates an infant's respiratory effort, heart rate, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability |
| Low Birth Weight Infants | Infants who weight less than 5 1/2 lbs at birth |
| Preterm Infants | Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term |
| Small for Date Infants | Infants whose birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered; also called small for gestational age infants; may be preterm or full-term |
| Kangaroo Care | A way of holding a preterm infant so that is skin-to-skin contact |
| Bonding | The formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth |
| Postpartum Period | The period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically , to the process of childbirth; lasts ~ 6 weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near prepregnant state |
| Postpartum Depression | A major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks after delivery; women with this condition have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period |
| Cephalocaudal Pattern | The sequence in which the fastest growth occurs at the top of the body (head) with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working to the bottom |
| Proximodistal Pattern | The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities |
| Puberty | A brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that occur in this period of development |
| Menarche | A girl's first menstrual period |
| Hormones | Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream |
| Hypothalamus | A structure in the brain that is involved with eating and sexual behavior |
| Pituitary Gland | An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates the activity in other glands |
| Gonads | The sex glands, which are the testes in males and the ovaries in females |
| Testosterone | A hormone associated in boys with the development of the genitals, increased height, and voice changes |
| Gonadotropins | Hormones that stimulate the testes and ovaries |
| Estradiol | A hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development |
| Climateric | The midlife transition during which fertility declines |
| Menopause | The time in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a women's menstrual periods have ceased for one year |
| Neuroconstructivist View | Developmental perspective in which biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and cognitive development is closely linked with brain development |
| Myelination | The process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath, thereby improving the speed and efficiency of information processing |
| Lateralization | Specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other of the cerebral cortex |
| Prefrontal Cortex | The highest level of the frontal lobes that is involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control |
| Corpus Callosum | A large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brain's left and right hemispheres |
| Limbic System | The region of the brain where emotions and rewards are experienced |
| Amygdala | A part of the brain's limbic system that is the seat of emotions such as anger |
| Neurogenesis | The generation of new neurons |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS ) | Condition in which an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without apparent cause |
| Life Span | The upper boundary of life, which is the maximum number of years an individual can live; the maximum lifespan of humans is about 120 years of age |
| Cellular Clock Theory | Leonard Hayflick's theory that the number of times human cells can divide is about 75 to 80; as we age our cells become less able to divide |
| Free-Radical Theory | A microbiological theory of aging stating that people age because when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules, known as free radicals, that damage DNA and other structures |
| Mitochondrial Theory | The theory that aging is caused by the decay of the mitochondria, which are tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for cell function, growth, and repair |
| Sirtuins | A family of proteins that have been proposed as having important influences of longevity, mitochondrial functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning |
| mTOR Pathway | A cellular pathway that involves the regulation of growth and metabolism and has been proposed as a key aspect of longevity |
| Hormonal Stress Theory | The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease |
| Dynamic Systems Theory | A theory proposed by Esther Thelen that seeks to explain how infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting |
| Rooting Reflex | A newborn's built-in reaction to turn its head toward a stimuli when their cheek or side of mouth is touched in effort to find something to suck |
| Sucking Reflex | A newborn's reaction of sucking an object placed in or near its mouth that enables the infant to get nourishment |
| Moro Reflex | A startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement in which they fling out their arms and legs lean their head back and arch and then close rapidly |
| Grasping Reflex | A reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's palms and they respond by grasping tightly |
| Gross Motor Skills | Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities such as walking |
| Fine Motor Skills | Motor skills that involve finely tuned movements such as any activity that requires finger dexterity |
| Sensation | Reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors- the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin |
| Perception | The interpretation of sensation |
| Ecological View | The view proposed by the Gibsons that people directly perceive information in the world around them and that perception brings people in contact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it |
| Affordances | Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities |
| Size Constancy | Recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the viewer moves toward or away from the object |
| Shape Constancy | Recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to the viewer changes |
| Accommodation of the Eye | The eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina |
| Cataracts | A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted |
| Glaucoma | Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye |
| Macular Degeneration | A vision problem in the elderly that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina |
| Intermodal Perception | The ability to integrate information about two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing |
| Visual Preference Method | A method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli |
| Habituation | Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus |
| Dishabituation | The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation |
| Chronic Disorders | Disorders characterized by slow onset and long duration |
| Osteoporosis | A disorder that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason older adults walk with a marked stoop; women are especially vulnerable |
| Dementia | A global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning |
| Alzheimer Disease | A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function |
| Parkinson Disease | A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder that involves a relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern |
| Binge Eating Disorder (BED) | Involves frequent binge eating without compensatory behavior like the purging that characterizes bulimics |
| Aerobic Exercise | Sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning |
| Which of the following gives the BEST description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"? | The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and lasts through the human life span |
| Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century (1900s-now), life expectancy ________. | In the United States increased by about 30 years |
| Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean? | Development is characterized by the expansion of some dimensions and the shrinking of others |
| Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as _____. | Contextual |
| Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development? | The development of these processes is intricately interwoven |
| Of the following developmental periods, most traditional undergraduate college students would be experiencing _____. | Emerging Adulthood |
| Jerry is 60 years old. He has strong muscles, excellent lung capacity and very high cardiovascular health. Jerry is relatively young in his ________ age. | Biological |
| T/F:Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect research information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe the scientific method. | True |
| Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development? | Early experiences with parents |
| According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the ________ stage. | Initiative versus Guilt |
| Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy? | Discontinuity |
| While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on ________ in explaining child cognitive development. | Social Interactions |
| Which theory would provide the BEST support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave? | Skinner's Behaviorism |
| The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate? | Eclectic |
| Evolutionary psychology holds that _____. | Natural selection favors certain behaviors that increase reproductive success |
| Which of the following explanations do developmental evolutionary psychologists favor for an extended childhood period in human development? | During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain experience required to master the complexities of human society |
| According to Baltes, older adults have an increased ____. | Need for culture-based resources. |
| Which of the following is a double-helix-shaped molecule that contains genetic information? | DNA |
| What did researchers working on the Human Genome project accomplish? | They estimated how many genes humans have They determined that many genes are collaborative They found that the number of human proteins is higher than the number of human genes |
| In a human body, all cells EXCEPT the sperm and egg reproduce by a process called _____ | Mitosis |
| You notice that Lou's eyes are a unique shade of green. You have observed his ______. | Phenotype |
| Which of the following principles is demonstrated when one gene overrides the potential effect of a second gene? | Dominant-Recessive Genes |
| Which of the following characteristics is likely to be exhibited in boys with fragile X syndrome? | Mental Deficiency |
| The (G × E) interaction involves what two specifically measured factors? | Variation in DNA and a specific aspect of the environment |
| When does the zygote implant in the lining of the mother's uterus? | About 10 to 14 days after conception |
| What is approximately the earliest point that a fetus can survive outside the womb? | 6 months |
| Teri's doctor has recommended that she take folic acid regularly throughout her pregnancy. The doctor is most likely trying to prevent which of the following from occurring? | Spina bifida Fetal neural tube defects Anencephaly |
| Which of the following statements about teratogens is NOT true? | Female fetuses are far more likely to be affected by teratogens than male fetuses |
| During which stage of childbirth does the cervix dilate? | First |
| Renee's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby with the Apgar Scale. Renee's baby is being checked for her _______. | Heart rate and respiratory effort Muscle tone and body color Reflex irritability |
| Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the center of the body toward the extremities? | Proximodistal |
| ________ is a hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development. | Estradiol |
| Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called _____. | Sarcopenia |
| Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose? | Frontal Lobe |
| What is the layer of fat cells that helps electrical impulses travel faster along the axon of a neuron? | Myelin Sheath |
| Research shows that living in a deprived environment _____. | Depresses brain activity |
| Which structure of the limbic system is especially involved in emotion and would likely be a major source of surging emotions in a sixteen-year-old? | The amygdala |
| What happens to the brain's weight and volume as it ages? | Weight and volume decrease |
| Professor Mayfield is teaching her class about the harmful effects of stress, citing that it can lead to an early death. Which theory of aging does Professor Mayfield likely espouse? | Hormonal Stress Theory |
| According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills? | Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements. |
| What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? | Reflexes |
| Baby Destiny has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she likely to be? | 6 months |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during middle and late childhood? | Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities |
| Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood? | A lower level of motor ability loss |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during middle and late childhood? | Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills |
| Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception? | Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first |
| Baby Jacci, who is 2 days old, is shown four drawings: a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a bright red circle. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at? | The Face |
| Many preschool children are ________, and first graders ________. | Farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects |
| Compared to younger drivers, older drivers _____. | Show a decline in motion sensitivity Need to expend more cognitive effort when driving Overestimate the time needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location |
| Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has ___. | Cataracts |
| We know that fetuses can hear before birth because newborns ________. | Show specific responses for sounds presented repeatedly before birth |
| What percentage of adults over 70 years of age has some type of hearing problem? | 63% |
| Brenda's grandmother is 83 years old. Of the following, the most likely reason she doesn't show much interest in her food is that _____. | Her sense of smell has declined |
| Which of the following is TRUE of older adults' experience of touch and pain? | Older adults detect touch less in their ankles than their shoulders |
| What is the leading cause of death in children in the United States? | Accidents |
| What is one major way to prevent children from being in poor health? | Getting immunizations on time |
| Compared to adolescents, emerging adults are more likely to ________. | Have chronic health problems Be obese Have a mental disorder |
| In 2016, ________ adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease, and it is projected that ________ baby boomers will develop Alzheimer disease in their lifetime. | 5.4 million; 10 million |
| Rodin and Langer (1977) conducted a study in which one group of nursing home patients was given increased control over daily routines, while another group was not. The main finding in this study was that ______. | More perceived control improved the lives of the patients |
| Addison was a breastfed infant. Which of the following is NOT likely a benefit she will enjoy? | Lower risk of allergies |
| Which of the following is FALSE? | Fewer children are overweight in middle and late childhood than in early childhood |
| People suffering from anorexia use food and their weight as a means of _______. | Control |
| The component that the most effective weight loss programs include is _____. | Exercise |
| Which of the following vitamins is an antioxidant? | Vitamin C |
| During adolescence, activity levels ______. | Decrease, especially for girls |
| _ is a sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning. | Aerobic Exercise |
| Which of the following elements would be MOST important to include in a program aimed at adolescent drug use prevention? | Fostering positive relationships between parents and children |
| The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has identified ________ as an "invisible epidemic." | Substance abuse among older adults |
| According to recent research, to avoid cognitive damage, adults should get ____. | Between 7 and 9 hours of sleep per night |
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