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L3 A&P - UNIT 1 - S4
Section 4: The nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 systems that make up the Nervous system ? | Central nervous system (CNS). Peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| The nervous system can be broken down into three basic elements name them - SAR | Sensation – gather information from environment. Analysis – decipher received sensory information. Response – initiate desired reaction. |
| The connection between the nervous system and the muscular system is perhaps the most important for fitness professionals, and we call this the ? | neuromuscular system |
| The nervous system sends and receives messages around the body via what ? | Neurons |
| How many neurons run through the human body | millions |
| What two places do the millions of neurons connect to in the human body ? | spinal cord & brain |
| CNS - Central Nervous system consists of what ? | Brain & Spinal cord |
| PNS - Peripheral nervous system system is made up of what | All nerves (bundles of neurons) outside of the spinal cord |
| what are the two types of neurons called originating from the peripheral nerves connected with the spinal cord | sensory neurons and motor neurons. |
| what lower part of the brain is responsible for controlling the group action of muscles and is the hub of the CNS | cerebellum |
| which neurons feed into the spinal cord, connect with sensory receptors and relay information to the CNS | Sensory neurons |
| which neurons exit the spinal cord and transmit pulses from the CNS to the organs, muscles and glands; causing them to react with a contraction or secretion | Motor neurons |
| the wave of electrical activity that passes along electrically excitable cells, such as those found in nerves and muscles is known as ? A/P | action potential |
| the term action potential is created through the controlled movement of which two electrolytes ? S&P | sodium and potassium |
| At the end of the axon terminals, there are swellings (or ‘synaptic end bulbs’) which contain small sacs of neurotransmitter, which, in the case of skeletal muscle is ACH | acetylcholine |
| when ACH acetylcholine diffuses across the space between the axon terminals and the muscle cell membrane. It then binds with specialised receptors on the muscle membrane to cause what ? | muscles to contract |
| what enables the transfer of an action potential from the end of a neuron to an adjoining cell ? ACH | acetylcholine |
| what are individual nerve cells called | neurons |
| A neuron is made up of how many main components: | 3 |
| Name the 3 main components that make up a neuron | SOMA - AXON - DENDRITE |
| what main part of a neuron has all of the necessary components of the cell ? | SOMA |
| what necessary components does the SOMA hold in a neuron ? | nucleus (which contains DNA), endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes (for building proteins) and mitochondria (for making energy) |
| what do endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes from the SOMA of a neuron build ? P | Proteins |
| what does the nucleus from the SOMA of a neuron hold ? | DNA |
| what happens to a neuron if the cell body (SOMA) dies | the neuron dies |
| which long, cable-like projection of the cell carries an electrochemical message (nerve impulse) along the length of the cell. | AXON |
| Axons within peripheral sensory and motor neurons are covered with a thin insulating layer called (like the rubber casing that insulates an electrical wire) ? M/S | myelin sheath |
| what are the small, branch-like projections of the cell make connections to other cells and allow the neuron to communicate with other cells or perceive the environment. They can be found on one or both ends of a nerve cell ? "D" | Dendrites |
| The nervous system relates to the muscular system via ? M/U | Motor Units |
| what unit is made up of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres that it connects to and innervates or stimulates to create a desired contraction response | Motor Unit |
| A motor unit can be stimulated in isolation or simultaneously with another motor unit depending on the muscular action ? TRUE/FALSE | TRUE |
| What act as sensors in the muscles and connective tissue of the limbs & provide feedback on the impact of the immediate environment on our musculoskeletal system ? | Proprioceptors |
| what feedback do Proprioceptors provideon the impact of the immediate environment on our musculoskeletal system ? | joint angle, muscle length and muscle tension |
| Name the two stretch reflex Proprioceptors ? GTO/MS | Golgi tendon organs (Muscle Tension) & Muscle spindles (Muscle Length) |
| The stretch reflex Proprioceptor GTO Golgi tendon organs tell us about muscle what ? T | Tension |
| The stretch reflex MS Muscle spindles tell us about muscle what ? L | Length |
| How does a muscle spindle respond when it senses changes in muscle length ? | by causing muscular contractions (shortening the muscle) |
| When a muscle contraction is activated, the antagonist muscle group must be inhibited to allow for the contraction to happen. This process is called ? RI | reciprocal inhibition |
| if you can develop your nervous system what will happen to your muscular system ? | it will follow suit |
| Cardiovascular training causes adaptations in the neuromuscular system in relation to type 1 muscle fibres, name some. | increased size and number of mitochondria, increased oxygen delivery to muscle fibres, increased aerobic enzymes in the muscle tissue, a greater supply of glycogen and triglycerides for energy, and improved tissue tolerance and resistance to fatigue |
| Resistance training and weighted workouts predominantly cause adaptations in the neuromuscular system in relation to type 2 muscle fibres, name some. | increased thickness or diameter of recruited muscle fibres, increased force production capacity of the muscle fibres, decreased nervous inhibition, and increased tissue tolerance and resistance to fatigue under high-stress, anaerobic conditions. |
Created by:
LeeNelson
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