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Parasitology I
Lab Review (complete)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How big is a normal RBC? How is that helpful to know when present in a sample for parasitology exam? | 7 micrometers. To compare in order to determine size. |
| What is Trypanosoma cruzi, what is its size, and how is it transmitted to dogs, cats, and humans? | A protozoa. They are about 14 micrometers in size. Are transmitted through a bite from a carrier reduvid bug. Infected feces of the bug gets into a wound on the animal or human. |
| What is Borrelia burgdorferi? What is its common name? What is the vector for B. burgdorferi to dogs and humans? | A spirochete. Lyme disease. Deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Slow feeder. Must be attached for at lease 24 hours. |
| What species of animal do we use a antibody test when we suspect Dirofilaria immitis infection? | Cats |
| What species of animal do we use a antigen test when we suspect Dirofilaria immitis infection? | Dogs |
| What does Anaplasma phygocytophilia look like under a microscope? Symptoms? Clinical signs? | A small dog within neutrophils. Inflammatory response. Rheumatoid arthritis. autoimmune response. Low platelet count. Low white blood cell count. Anemia. |
| Is Anaplasma phygocytophilia endemic to WA? | Yes |
| How is Anaplasma phygocytophilia transmitted? Does this mode of transmission have the potential to cause other diseases? | Rock Mountain Spotted fever, Lyme disease, Babesia |
| Nematode | Often referred to as roundworms, they are not closely related to true worms. They are multi-cellular insects with smooth, unsegmented bodies. |
| Trematode | Flat worms known as flukes. They are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. |
| Cestode | A class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum (Platyhelminthes). Most of the species—and the best-known—are those in the subclass Eucestoda; they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as tapeworms. |
| What is heartworm and how is it spread? | Is a nematode endoparasite transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes. Rarely, people get after being bitten by an infected mosquito. People are not a natural host, so larvae usually migrate to arteries of the heart and lungs and die before they mature. |
| Can heartworm be prevented? | Year-round once-a-month preventative medication such as Revolution and mosquito control in and around the house. |
| What type of test is a SNAP test? How does it detect heartworm? | An ALISA test, color development in antigen indicator spots show proportional antigen concentration in the sample. Only a definitive diagnostic test if indicator spots develop color and positive control is visible. |
| Some SNAP tests require whole blood. What type of collection tube (color) could you place blood sample in? | Lavendar top |
| What is plasma? | It makes up 55% of the blood volume. Components are water 92%, dissolved protein 8%, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, urea, uric acid, CO2, hormones, antibodies. Also carries dissolved materials: vitamins, salts, carbon dioxide. |
| What is serum? | Is the fluid and solute component of blood which does not play a role in clotting. Can be defined as blood plasma without fibrinogens. Includes all proteins not used in blood clotting; electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; exogenous substances. |
| How can an animal be infected with heartworm without mosquitos around? Are mosquitos an important part of the heartworm life cycle? | It takes about six months for heartworm larvae to reach sexual maturity. The infection can go undetected for 6-7 months post infection. Mosquito provide a place for microfilaria to mature and allow infectious L3 to be transported to a multitude of host. |
| Direct life cycles | An intermediate host is not necessary for development of larva or eggs. |
| Indirect life cycles | Includes an intermediate host or transport host for larval stage (immature stage). |
| What is the difference between a vector and an intermediate host? | An intermediate host sustains immature parasite, but vectors are temporary carriers that are not infected. (no harm/no disease). |
| What is the intermediate host of Dirofilaria immitis? | Mosquito |
| What is the definitive host of D. immitis? | Canines/felines |
| Name one accidental host of D. immitis. | humans |
| Roundworm is a common term for which class of parasite? | Nematode |
| Cuterebra is a member of which order? | Diptera |
| What is cuterebra? | Rodent bots, is a genus of flies that attack rodents and similar animals. |
| Ticks are in which class? | parasitic anthropods (Arachnida) |
| Hard shelled ticks are in which family? | Ixodidae |
| What magnification on a microscope do you need to view ova of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)? | 100x |
| What is Fasciola hepatica? | Common liver fluke/sheep liver fluke. A parasitic trematode. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. Eating raw watercress or other water plants contaminated with immature parasite larvae or under-cooked meat of infected animal. |
| What magnification do you need to visualize Trypanosoma cruzi? | 1000x oil |
| What is Trypanosoma cruzi? | An adult protozoan blood parasite transmitted by reduviid bugs. Protozoa look like worm/seahorses. |
| What is zoonotic disease? | A disease that can be transmitted from animals to people. |
| Give two examples of zoonotic disease: | Baylisascaris (racoon roundworm) and Toxoplasmosis (protozoan endoparasite) |
| In the term Trichuris vulpis, which is the genus name? | Trichuris |
| Is Trichuris vulpis zoonotic? | No - unlikely |
| What is Trichuris vulpis? | A whipworm that lives in the large intestine of canines in its adult stages. Out of different types of worms, it is one of the smaller worms with a size ranging from 30–50 mm in length. |
| What is an operculum? | Caps at one or both ends; smooth or protruding |
| What is the diameter of a canine red blood cell (RBC)? | 7 um (micron or micrometer) |
| If you place a slide with newsprint on your stage and focus under low power, what is the image orientation compared to looking at the newsprint with your naked eye? | Upside down and backward |
| What is the difference between an open and closed iris? Where did you find the best detail? | Brightness increased as the iris is opened. Darker when closed. Best detail is at slightly open iris. |
| With the iris open and a mid-level light power, focus the image. Now slowly lower the condenser. What happened? | The sample detail increased as it lowered and became darker. |
| What is Canine Nanophyetus salmincola? | A food-borne intestinal trematode parasite prevalent on the Pacific Northwest coast. One of the most common trematodes endemic to the U.S. Life cycle requires three hosts. Intermediate host is an a stream snail, salmon, then mammal. |
| What is Feline Isospora felis? | An intestinal tract infection caused by a single celled organism (a protozoa) called coccidia. In cats, most coccidia are of the genus called Isospora. _______ ____ and Isospora rivolta are the most common species of coccidia in cats. |
| What type of parasite is Taenia? | Tapeworm (cestodes) |
| Why are Taenia eggs not commonly seen in fecal flotations (when infection is present)? | Generally, eggs are passed from host contained within proglottids (segments) of the tapeworm, so fecal flotation tends to be a poor indicator of infection status. |
| Proglottid? | Each segment in the strobila of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system. |
| How is the Taenia infection usually diagnosed? | Observation of proglottids on a fresh fecal sample. If the segment is then crushed and applied to a slide with saline solution, the eggs can be examined. |
| What is a hydrometer used for in the lab? | To verify the specific gravity of flotation solutions. |
| Sodium nitrate (Fecasol) 1.2 - 1.25 | Good all purpose. Forms crystals on slide. |
| 33% Zinc sulfate 1.18 - 1.2 | Good all purpose. Excellent for protozoa. Forms crystals. May cause distortion. |
| Sheather's sugar solution 1.25 | Excellent all purpose. Does not crystalize or distort. Simple flotation needs longer incubation. |
| Why must we maintain flotation solutions? | They degrade and specific gravity may be altered. |
| How to perform a direct fecal smear: | Place small amount of feces on slide. Add drop of liquid (physiologic saline) to feces. Mix thoroughly. Apply a cover slip. Examine slide with 10X objective then go over it with 40X objective. Lugol's iodine or Methylene blue can be added for stain. |
| What is Giardia? How does it appear under microscope? | Cysts appear ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and usually measure 11 to 14 µm (range: 8 to 19 µm). Immature and mature cysts have 2 and 4 nuclei, respectively. Smiley faces. |
| How to perform cellophane tape prep? | Separate the hair to gain access to skin below. Press the cellotape firmly onto the area to be sampled and repeat several times (same place) to ensure sufficient cells are collected. |
| Biting louse in dogs: | Survive by eating skin debris and surface secretions. Two species affect dogs & wild canids: Trichodectes canis and Heterodoxus spiniger. H. spiniger found mostly in tropical regions, and rare in North America. Characterized by a blunt, flat head. |
| Sucking louse in dogs: | Need blood to survive. The species that affect dogs is called Linognathus setosus. These have a sharp pointed mouthpiece. |
| The Sheep Ked is a ______. Clinical significance? | Wingless fly. Can cause severe anemia, damage to wool due to pruritic trauma. Can act as a vector for disease. |
| Is Cuterebra a tick, mite, flea, louse, or fly? | Fly. Owners sometimes refer to them as worrbles or bot. |
| What is the life cycle of Cuterebra? | Adult deposits eggs near or in opening of rodent/rabbit burrows. After hatching, the larvae, enters host body through the nose, mouth, or skin wound. After several days, the larvae migrate to tissues beneath skin to encyst and continue development. |
| Who is an accidental host of Cuterebra and how does it happen? | Dogs. They are commonly infected when they are hunting rodents or rabbits and encounter the botfly larvae near the entryway to a rodent's burrow. Most cases of warbles in dogs occur around the head and neck. |
| Is the Dermacentor a tick, mite, flea, louse, or fly? | Tick. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Tularemia are diseases that this parasite may vector. |
| Amblyomma (Lone Star Tick) might vector which disease? | Tularemia |
| Ixodes, commonly known as the deer tick or black-legged tick and in some parts of the US as the bear tick. It is a hard-bodied tick. It can vector which disease? | Lyme disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi is a | Bacterial species of the spirochete class. North America and Europe and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America. |
| Ctenocephalides is a | Flea |
| What is Tularemia? | A severe infectious bacterial disease of animals transmissible to humans, characterized by ulcers at the site of infection, fever, and loss of weight. |
| What is flea dirt? | Fleas excrement (blood) |
| Demodex is a: | Ectoparasite. Demodectic mange in dogs. Normally considered common skin fauna. Immunosupressed animals may develop clinical signs and is a severe problem if > 1 year old. |
| Ectoparasite that causes ear mite infection in cats (particularly kittens). What are clinical signs? | Otodectes cynotis. Brownish/waxy exudate accumulation. Ulceration and secondary bacterial infection in ears. Head shaking/scratching. Hematomas of pinna. |
| How do you perform a skin scrape? | If necessary, clip 1 cm area. Squeeze the skin prior to scraping to push the mites out and scrape skin in direction of hair growth with a blade covered in mineral oil until capillary bleeding is seen. Add material to slide. |
| What magnification and condensor setting is best for skin scrape visualization under a microscope? | Place slide under a microscope with the condenser down and use the x 400 magnification to look for adults, larvae/nymphs and eggs. |
| Tape prep is used to evaluate presence of: | Surface mites, flea dirt, and yeast infections |
| Ten Tips to Protect Your Family from Parasites: | Wash hands well after any exposure to soil (gardening, sandboxes, and raw meat. Eat only well cooked meat. Wash all fruits and vegetables to eliminate contamination. Have spouse or friend change litter box if pregnant or immune suppressed. |
| Ten Tips to Protect Your Family from Parasites: part 2 | Supervise infants sitting on the ground or floor. Do not allow them to eat dirt or food that has fallen. Pick up dog and cat feces from the yard daily. Cover sandboxes and play areas to prevent wildlife and strays from contaminating these areas. |
| Ten Tips to Protect Your Family from Parasites: part 3 | Take your pet to the veterinarian regularly and have your pet tested for parasites at least yearly. Deworm your cat and dog per your vet's recommendations. Administer year-round products to help control Toxocara infections and other products as directed. |
Created by:
Raevyn1
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