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Nutrition I
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Feeding Reptiles Four Diet Types | Carnivore, Omnivore, Insectivore, Herbivore |
| Toxic to pets? | Prescription medications, grapes/raisins, mistletoe, snail bait, pennies (zinc poisoning) - hemolytic anemia, molds, chocolate (particularly dark), macadamia nuts, NSAIDS (Aspirin, Tylenol, Ibuprofen) |
| Guinea pigs require what vitamin daily? Things to remember. | Vitamin C - degrades in light (quickly), and tastes bad (do not add to their water) |
| Feeding Reptiles What is Metabolic Bone Disease | Hypocalcemia - High calcium/phosphorus diet, sunshine, vitamin D source, change UV lights every six months. |
| Feeding Reptiles Live prey vs killed prey | Bites back, parasites |
| Common Malnutrition - Birds Iodine Deficiency | Goiter (nodules in neck), obese |
| Common Malnutrition - Birds Calcium Deficiency | Egg bound, nerve weakness, metabolic bone disease |
| Common Malnutrion - Birds Vitamin A Deficiency | Skin problems, immune system issues |
| Best feeding practices for birds? | Seeds - bad for everyone, pelleted food best, must be trained to eat new foods, coating seeds in vitamins does not work |
| What is unique about the avian GI tract? | No teeth, crop (esophagus pouch), proventriculus (chemical stomach), Gizzard/Ventriculus (grinding stomach w/ stones) |
| Pscittacines | Parrots, Macaws, Budgies |
| Passeriformes | Song birds |
| Waterfowl | Ducks, geese |
| Gallinaceous | Turkey, chicken, peacocks, quail |
| Raptors | Eagles, owls, hawks, vultures (obligate carnivores) |
| Stages of Starvation Stage 2 | (After 1-2 weeks) Complete dependence on fat stores |
| Stages of Starvation Stage 1 | Body uses glycogen (primarily stored in the liver) and fat stores |
| What benefits does I.V. fluid therapy afford? | Enhanced clearance of toxin if removed through kidneys, maintenance of electrolyte balance and hydration, maintain blood pressure, support organs, I.V. access (for emergency access) |
| Why do animals need to breath? | Inspiration: Oxygen is necessary for ATP production (cellular respiration). Expiration: Ridding the body of carbon dioxide (CO2): a byproduct of cellular respiration. |
| What is the formula for maintaince fluids? | 30 mL per # BW every 24 hours. Replacement fluids this + % dehydration |
| How do you avoid colic? | Keep the bugs happy. Make changes to feed over 7-14 days. (both grain and hay) Feed at least 1.2 -2.5% of horses BW in forage. Do not feed large meals of grain at once. No more than 0.5% of BW per meal. |
| Growing Horses: What should we be feeding foals (6-12 months)? | Commercial foal supplement and good forage. (17% protein, .85% Ca, Ph 0.7%) Copper, Zinc, and Lysine added. |
| What supplement is usually required in horses (Washington state)? | Selenium (Se) |
| List four common forages: | Pasture (grass, alfalfa, mix), Grass hay (Orchid, Timothy, Blue grass), Legume hay (Alfalfa, Clover), Hay cubes, pellets, beet pulp, complete feeds |
| What is the most common equine malnutrition? | Inadequate water supply - dehydration |
| Name three types of GI tracts: | Hindgut Fermentation, Monogastric, Ruminants |
| Remember: | 1 L = 1 Kg = 2.2005 lbs |
| True or False: Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood controls breathing. | True. Oxygen levels are second. |
| Stages of Starvation Stage 3 | Protein catabolism (destructive metabolism). After loss of muscle mass, fall in albumin, respiratory or cardiac failure. Diarrhea or pneumonia are cause of death. |
| What is catabolism? | Cortisone Destructive Metabolism. Breaks down tissue. Involves breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy. |
| What is Anabolism? | Testosterone Builds tissue. Constructive Metabolism. Use of stored energy from smaller components that are produced from catabolism. |
| Feeding Animals Why must we meet calorie needs of animals as first priority? | If calories are not met, protein fed will burn for calories. (not building tissue with amino acids) Loss of muscle mass. |
| Water is essential Clinical signs of dehydration: | <5% - no clinical signs, 5-7% - Decreased elasticity to skin, tacky mm. 8-12% - Skin tents, dry mm, sunken eyes, depressed. >12% - Shock, death imminent. |
| Bleach (caustic), Antifreeze (antidote), battery acid (caustic), drain cleaner (caustic), drugs/medications (OTC, prescribed, recreational), fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides, rodenticides (antidote). | Common household toxins |
| Define corrosive. | Acid or alkaline corrosives produce significant local tissue injury that can result in full thickness burns of skin, cornea, and mucosa of oral cavity, stomach, and esophagus. |
| Toxin Exposure: P.A.D.S. Specific plan | I.V. fluids, Antidotes, Anti-acid medication, Oxygen therapy, Body temperature modification, Cathartics, Activated Charcoal, Vomiting induced: Apomorphine or Xylazine (cats). Seizures, ulcers, hypoglycemia, heart arrhythmia. |
| Toxin Exposure: P.A.D.S. What things do we need to assess in a toxic exposure situation? | Weight, Temp, HR (tachycardia/bradycardia), RR (Hypo/Hyperventilation), BP (Hypo/Hypertension), MM (color/ <2 sec CRT). Ability to swallow, dyspnea, neurological (ataxia/BAR), protect esophagus, did they vomit, what/when exposed to, what has been done |
| Toxin Exposure: P.A.D.S. How do you decontaminate an animal after toxic exposure? | To avoid continued exposure (topical, eye, ingested). Eyes: 20-30 min rinse with water or saline. Topical: Bath (Dawn: if oily) Ingested: Depends on toxin. If caustic, do not induce vomiting. Milk should be given. Activated charcoal and cathartic |
| Toxin Exposure: P.A.D.S. Preventation: how do we do it? | Client education |
| Toxin Exposure: P.A.D.S. What do you do? | Prevention, Assess, Decontaminate, Specific Plan |
| Why is excessive calorie intake (obesity) in cats and dogs such a bad thing? | Cats: Diabetes mellitus - failure to produce the hormone insulin (in the pancreas) Dogs: Increase heart disease, joint and mobility issues, and pancreatitis. |
| What is the most common malnutrition in dogs and cats? | Excess calories |
| Name two nutrients of specific importance to cats. Why? | Taurine: (Amino Acid) Vision and cardiac muscle Arachidonic acid (Fatty Acid) Component of cell membranes. Important role in inflammation. Poor reproduction and arthritis. |
| What are some important things to remember when feeding senior dogs? | As long as they have healthy kidney and liver function, increase protein. Vitamin E is a helpful antioxidant and should be provided. Omega 3's are anti-inflammatory. |
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Raevyn1
Popular Veterinary sets