Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chemical Basis
Ch. 2: Elements, chemical bonds, chemical rxns, inorganic/organic cmpds, enzymes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space & has mass. (Can be identified by feeling, seeing, tasting & smelling) All matter is made of one or more elements. |
| Mass vs. weight | The mass of an animal is based on how much matter it contains (mass remains the same on earth vs. the moon) An animal's weight is determined by the pull of gravity on the matter. |
| Three states that matter can exists as: | Gas, liquid, or solid. |
| What 4 molecules make up 96% of the matter found in all living organisms? | Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, & nitrogen. |
| Element | A single pure substance consisting of only one type of atom. (Only 92 elements occur in nature, the rest are artificially made or theoretical & not known to exist). |
| General categories that elements are divided into: | Metals, metalloids, & nonmetals. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of the element. Sometimes an atom can lose or gain an electron, giving it a + or - charge. |
| What are atoms made of? | Protons, neutrons, & electrons. |
| What is the atomic mass of protons and neutrons? | Protons & neutrons are the heaviest particles- each has an atomic mass of one. |
| Protons and neutrons are grouped together in the center of the atom & collectively are called what? | Atomic nucleus |
| The protons and neutrons together determine the what? | Atomic weight of the atom. |
| Electrons | Are so tiny that their mass does not contribute to the atomic weight of the atom as a whole. They posses the properties of both waves & particles. They exist in a state of constant motion moving continuously around the nucleus creating electron clouds. |
| What is the electrical charge of protons, electrons & neutrons? | Protons: positive charge Electrons: negative charge Neutrons: neutral (no charge- contain an equal # of protons & electrons therefor cancelling each other out) |
| The _________ of the element is equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus. | Atomic number |
| A charged atom is called a(n) ________. | Ion |
| Isotopes | Atoms that contain a different number of neutrons. ex. Carbon has 6 protons, electrons & neutrons; atomic weight= 12. Some isotopes of carbon have 6 protons & electrons but 8 neutrons; atomic weight= 14. This form of carbon is a radioactive isotope. |
| Radioactive isotope/rate of decay | Spontaneously emits particles of energy at a constant rate & thereby changes into a stable, nonradioactive element. The rate at which this happens is called the rate of decay. |
| The area around the nucleus where the electrons have their most likely position is called the ______. | Electron shell An electron's energy level determines which electron shell it will inhabit. |
| ________ electrons exist in the first electron shell, which is found _________to the nucleus. | Lower energy/ closest |
| Higher energy electrons are in the _______ electron shell. | Second |
| The first electron shell can only hold how many electrons? | 2 |
| The second electron shell can hold up to how many electrons? | 8 |
| The third electron shell can hold up to how many electrons? | 18 |
| The fourth electron shell can hold up to how many electrons? | 32 |
| The fifth electron shell can hold up to how many electrons? | 50 |
| The sixth electron shell can hold up to how many electrons? | 72 |
| When are atoms most stable? | When their electron shells are full. More full= less chemically active Less full= more chemically active |
| Molecule | Made of atoms that have joined together by chemical bonds. It is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of that compound. |
| Types of mixtures: | Solutions, colloids, & suspensions. |
| Solutions | Homogeneous mixtures of various substances. (usually appear clear) Ex. water |
| Possible components of a solution: | Gases, liquids, &/or solids. |
| Solvent | A component that is present in the greatest amount. |
| Solute | Substances present in smaller amounts |
| What is the most important solvent in animal bodies? | Water |
| Colloids (emulsions) | Heterogeneous mixtures that contain much larger sized solutes than those found in solutions. (Appear translucent or milky) |
| Sol-gel transformation | Having the ability to transform from a fluid to a solid and back again. -Colloids have this ability ex. jello |
| Suspensions | Heterogeneous mixtures containing large solutes that readily separate from the solution when there is no movement of the suspension. Ex. Blood |
| Distinguishing compounds from mixtures: | 1. Components of mixtures are physically mixed not chemically bonded 2. Components of a compound are chemically bonded & can only be separated by breaking the bonds. In mixtures, filtration, straining, evaporation, & centrifugation can be used |
| Compounds vs. mixtures: | 3. All compounds are homogeneous, whereas mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. |
| Chemical Bond | Process by which atoms join together to form molecules. A chemical bond signifies that the atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between each other. |
| What will an atom tend to do if it has an incomplete electron shell? | They will either try to fill the shell by gaining more electrons or lose the shell entirely by giving up the extra electrons. Will naturally transfer or share electrons with another atom when possible. |
| Types of chemical bonds? | Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds |
| Covalent Bond | A strong chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons: the electron spends part of the time in the outer electron shell of one atom & the rest in the outer electron shell of the other. Ex. O2, CO2, H2O |
| Formed when one electron is shared | Single covalent bond |
| Double covalent bond | Formed when two electrons are shared |
| Formed when three electrons are shared | Triple covalent bond |
| Polar molecule | Molecule that has oppositely charged ends. Ex. H2O |
| Ionic Bond | Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Most often formed between atoms with fewer than two electrons in their outer shell & those with nearly full outer shells. |
| An atom w/ one electron in its outer shell will be inclined to ________. | Give up that electron so its "new" outer shell will be stable. |
| An atom that needs only one electron will _________ electrons that will make its outer shell full and stable. | Accept |
| Electrostatic attraction | Two atoms drawn to each other by their respective electrical charges. Ex. NaCl |
| Ion | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Cation | Atoms with a positive charge. |
| Anion | Atoms with a negative charge. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Formed when a hydrogen atom (that is covalently bonded to an atom) is electrostatiscally attracted to another hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a separate atom on a separate portion of the same &/or separate molecule altogether. Ex. H2O |
| Which chemical bond is considered the weakest bond? | Hydrogen bond It is considered more of an electrostatic attraction than a true bond because electrons are neither shared nor transferred. (When hydrogen is covalently bonded in a molecule, it usually has a slight + charge). |
| ________ are formed mostly between molecules and act to stabilize the solution. | Hydrogen bonds |
Created by:
28RVT
Popular Veterinary sets