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Meghan Strnad
Anthony's Textbook Physiology Ch 19 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absolute refractory period | time during which the local area of the membrane has surpassed the threshold potential and will not respond to the stimulus |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | type of neurotransmitter used by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junctions to stimulate muscle contraction at or in some autonomic synapses (in ganglionic synapses, at all parasympathetic effectors, and at some sympathetic effectors) |
| action potential | nerve impulse; membrane potential fluctuation of an actively conducting axon |
| amine | an organic compound containing nitrogen; neurotransmitter synthesized from amino acid molecules |
| catecholamine | a chemical category of neurotransmitters that include: norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine |
| convergence | a coming together; when more than one presynaptic axon synapses with a single postsynaptic neuron |
| depolarization | electrical activity that triggers a contraction of the heart muscle |
| divergence | when a single presynaptic axon synapses with more than one different post synaptic neuron |
| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) | temporary depolarization of post synaptic membrane following stimulation |
| G-protein-coupled receptor | receptor mechanism embedded in plasma membranes of cells that receives chemical messengers and initiates signal transduction to the cell by way of a G protein, which triggers the resulting changes in the cell [G for guanine-nucleotide binding] |
| hyper polarization | an increase in electrical charges separated by the cell membrane; causes change further below 0mV (millivolts) |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | temporary hyperpolarization that makes the inside of the membrane even more negative than at the resting potential |
| ionotropic receptor | membrane receptor that includes an ion channel that opens or closes in response to stimulation (binding) of the receptor site |
| ligand-gated channel | membrane channel that opens or closes in response to the binding of a chemical signal (ligand) to a receptor [ also called stimulus-gated channel ] |
| local potential | slight shift from resting membrane potential in a specific region of the plasma membrane |
| membrane potential | difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the plasma membrane |
| metabotropic receptor | a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that triggers cell metabolic pathways when stimulated, rather than directly opening a membrane channel |
| monoamine | category of small neurotransmitter molecule derived from a single amino acid |
| neural netowork | network of interconnected neurons in nervous tissue, forming a web of pathways to process information |
| neuromodulator | "cotransmitter" that regulates the effects of neurotransmitters released along with it |
| neuropeptide | neurotransmitter with short strands of polypeptides |
| neurotransmitter | chemicals by which neurons communicate; the substance released by a neuron, diffuses across the synapse, and binds to the post synaptic neuron |
| neutrophin | nerve growth factor |
| nitric oxide (NO) | small gas molecule used as a neurotransmitter that diffuses BACKWARD from a postsynaptic cell toward the presynaptic neuron, where it has its biochemical effects and gives the opportunity for feedback |
| post synaptic potential | local potential produced by the opening of ion channels in the post synaptic membrane |
| presynaptic | adjective describing any structure before a synapse of one neuron to another or any function that occurs before synaptic transmission |
| relative refractory period | the few milliseconds after the absolute refractory period IN MUSLCE CELL CONTRACTION; time during which the membrane is repolarizing and restoring the resting membrane potential |
| repolarization | the phase of the action potential in which the membrane potential changes from its maximum degree of depolarization toward the resting state potential |
| resting membrane potential (RMP) | the membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neurons plasma membrane; approx 70mV (millivolts) |
| retrograde signaling | a type of synaptic transmission in which chemical signals are sent from the post synaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron, usually to facilitate or inhibit further presynaptic signals |
| saltatory conduction | the process in which a nerve impulse travels along a myelinated fiber by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next |
| spatial summation | the ability of the post-synaptic neuron to add together the inhibitory and stimulatory input received from numerous different presynaptic neurons and produce an action potential based on that collation of information |
| stimulus-gated channel | type of cell-membrane channel for the transport of molecules that is controlled by a gate that responds to a stimulus such as a sensory or neurotransmitter (chemical) |
| synapse | [ two types: electrical and chemical] membrane-to-membrane junction between a neuron and another neuron, effector cell, or sensory cell; functions to propagate nerve impulses (via neurotransmitters) |
| synaptic cleft | space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. |
| temporal summation | when synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession and the effects add up over time to produce an action potential |
| threshold potential | magnitude of voltage across a membrane at which an action potential, or nerve impulse, is produced |
| anesthesia | a state in which a person lacks the feeling of pain |
| antidepressant | a drug that inhibits feelings of depression or sadness |
| autism spectrum disorder | a group of neurological disorders characterized by various combinations and severity of difficulties in social interactions, verbal/nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors |
| excitotoxin | glutamate or other substance that has an excessive stimulatory effect on neurons or other cells, thus causing damage or cell death |
| voltage gated channel | type of cell-membrane channel for the trans port of molecules that is controlled by a gate that responds to a change in voltage (the difference in charge across cell membrane) |
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