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Pharmacology
Definitions 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afterload | The resistance or pressure in arteries that must be overcome to empty blood from the ventricle. |
| arryhthmia (dysarrhythmia) | a variation from the normal rhythm. |
| automaticity | the ability of cardiac muscle to generate impulses. |
| Bradyarrhythmia | bradycardia associated with an irregularity of heart rhythm. |
| bradycardia | a slower-than-normal heart rate |
| Cardiac remodeling | Change in the size, shape, structure & physiology of the heart due to damage to the myocardium. |
| Chronotropic | Affecting the heart rate. |
| Depolarization | Neutralizing of the polarity of a cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions. Results in the contraction of the cardiac cell & renders it incapable of further contraction until repolarization occurs. |
| Inotropic. | Affecting the force of cardiac muscle contraction. |
| Preload | the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. |
| Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria. Arise from an irritable focus (foci if more than one location) in the ventricle. |
| Repolarization | The return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization. |
| Stroke volume | the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat. |
| Tachyarrhythmia | tachycardia associated with an irregularity in normal heart rhythm. |
| Tachycardia | faster-than-normal heart rate. |
| Adsorbent | A drug that inhibits GI absorption of drugs, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface. |
| Anticholinergic | blocking nerve impulse transmission through the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called parasympatholytic. May be used for the treatment of diarrhea or vomiting. |
| Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ) | An area in the brain that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood. |
| Dentifrice | A preparation for cleansing teeth; available in powder, paste or liquid. |
| Emesis | The act of vomiting |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting blood. The vomitus often resembles coffee grounds. |
| Melena | Dark or black stools that result from blood staining. Bleeding has occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract. |
| Motilin | A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenal mucosa that causes contraction of intestinal smooth muscle. |
| Parietal cell | a cell located in the gastric mucosa that secretes hydrochloric acid. |
| peristalsis | a wave of smooth muscle contraction that passes along a tubular structure (GI or other) and moves the contents of that structure forward. |
| regurgitation | casting up of undigested or semi-digested (ruminant) foodstuff from the esophagus or rumen. |
| segmentation | periodic constriction of segments of the intestine without movement backward or forward; a mixing rather than a propulsive movement. |
| Vomiting center | an area in the medulla that may be stimulated by the CRTZ, the cerebrum, or peripheral receptors to induce vomiting. |
| Anabolism | The constructive phase of metabolism in which body cells repair & replace tissue. |
| Analogue | a chemical compound having a structure similar to another but differing in some way. |
| Cushing's syndrome | Hyperadrenocorticism. A disease or syndrome characterized by an overabundance of corticosteroid hormones. |
| Dystocia | difficult birth. |
| endometrium | the mucous membrane lining of the uterus. |
| Euthyroid | a normal thyroid gland. |
| Feed efficiency | The rate at which animals convert feed into tissue. It is expressed as the number of pounds or kg of feed needed to produce one pound or kg of animal. |
| Gonadotropin | a hormone that stimulates ovaries or testes |
| hypophyseal portal system | the portal system of the pituitary gland in which venules from the hypothalamus connect with capillaries of the anterior pituitary. |
| Iatrogenic | caused by the physician (veterinarian). |
| Involution | the return of a reproductive organ to normal size after delivery. |
| Levo isomer | Left-sided arrangement of a molecule that may exist in a left or right-sided configuration. Levo and dextro isomers have the same molecular formula. |
| myofibril | a muscle fibril composed of numerous myofilaments. |
| Nitrogen balance | the condition of the body as it relates to protein intake and use. Positive nitrogen balance implies a net gain in body protein. |
| Primary hypothyroidism | resulting from a pathologic condition in the thyroid. |
| Releasing factor (releasing hormone) | a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of trophic hormones. |
| Trophic hormone | a hormone that results in production of a second hormone in the target gland. |
| Blepharospasm | squinting of the eye |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye |
| cycloplegia | paralysis of the ciliary muscle. |
| distichia (distichiasis) | Eyelashes emerge through the meibomian gland opening at the eyelid margin in a misdirected way, causing the eyelashes to touch and irritate the corneal surface. |
| Ectropion | rolling outward (away from the eye) or sagging of the eyelid. Many times the conjunctiva is plainly visible. |
| Entropion | rolling inward (toward the cornea) of the eyelid. |
| glaucoma | a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the retina and optic nerve. |
| Horner's syndrome | paralysis of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye that may cause enopthalamos, ptosis of the upper eyelid, slight elevation of the lower eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and narrowing of the palpebral tissue. |
| Hyphema | a condition in which red blood cells are present in the anterior chamber of the eye. |
| intracameral injection | an injection into the anterior chamber of the eye. |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea. |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. |
| mydriasis | dilation of the pupil |
| Open-angle glaucoma | a type of primary glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but filtration of the aqueous humor is gradually reduced, causing an increase in IOP. |
| Otocariasis | infestation of ear mites. |
| uvea | the vascular layer of the eye that comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. |
| uveitis | inflammation of the uvea. |
| antiseptic | a substance used on the skin to prevent the growth of bacteria or to provide preoperative cleansing of the skin. |
| astringent | an agent that causes contraction after application to tissue. |
| collagen | a fibrous substance found in skin, tendon, bone, cartilage and all other connective tissue. |
| Comedo/comedones | a plug of keratin and sebum within a hair follicle of the skin. |
| dermatitis | inflammation of the skin. |
| Dermatophyte | fungi parasitic on the skin. |
| dermatophytosis | a fungal skin infection. |
| erythema | redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries. |
| fatty acid | organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is esterified with glycerol to form fat. |
| furuncle (furunculosis) | a focal suppurative inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; also known as a boil. |
| granulation tissue | new tissue formed in the healing of wounds of the soft tissue; consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrown young vessels. Ultimately forms a scar. |
| integumentary system | pertaining to, or composed of, skin. |
| keratolytic | an agent that promotes loosening or separation of the horny layer of the epidermis. |
| keratoplastic | an agent that promotes normalization of the development of keratin. |
| pruritis | itching. |
| pseudomembranous colitis | a severe acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa |
| Pyoderma | any skin disease characterized by the presence or formation of pus. |
| seborrhea | an increase in scaling of the skin; sebum production may or may not be increased. |
| Seborrhea oleosa | a condition characterized by scaling and excess lipid production that forms brownish yellow clumps, which adhere to the hair and skin. |
| seborrhea sicca | a condition characterized by dry skin and white to gray scales that do not adhere to the hair or skin. |
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