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Vet. Pharmacology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferent System | Composed of nerve cells that carry information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS (sensory system) |
| Efferent System | Consists of nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands (motor system) |
| Somatic Nervous System | Consists of efferent nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue; controls voluntary actions |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Consists of efferent nerve cells that carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscle; controls involuntary actions |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the fight-or-flight response |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body |
| Cerebrum | Responsible for higher functions of the brain (learning, memory, interpretation) |
| Thalamus | Serves as a relay center for sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum to the cerebrum; may be involved in pain and interpretation |
| Hypothalamus | Serves as the primary mediator between the nervous system and the endocrine system through the pituitary gland; controls and regulates ANS |
| Medulla | Carries sensory and motor impulses between the spinal cord and the brain; contains centers that control vital physiologic activities (breathing, heartbeat, coughing, thirst, etc.) |
| Reticular Formation | A network of nerve cells scattered through bundles of fibers that begin in the medulla and extend upward through the brainstem; responsible for consciousness, sleep, and wakefulness |
| Cholinergic | Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine (also called parasypathomimetic); these kinds of drugs increase activity in the GI tract |
| Adrenergice | Used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine |
| Ganglionic Synapse | The site of the synapse between neuron 1 and neuron 2 of the autonomic nervous system |
| Nicotinic Receptors | Activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapse |
| Muscarinic Receptors | Activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands, the heart, and smooth muscle; effects include salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation |
| Effector | A gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve biter and an organ |
| Catecholamines | The class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine; when given therapeutically, it mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system |
| Catalepsy | A state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia |
| Humidification | Addition of moisture to the air |
| Bronchodilation | Widening lumen of bronchi and bronchioles, which results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles; airway resistance is decreased and airflow is increased |
| Bronchoconstriction | Narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles, which results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow |
| Surfactant | A mixture of phospholipids secreted by type II alveolar cells that reduce surface tension in pulmonary fluids |
| Reverse Sneeze | Aspiration reflex; short periods of noisy inspiratory effort in dogs |
| Viscid | Sticky |
| Nebulization | The process of converting liquid medications into a spray that can be carried into the respiratory system by inhaled air |
| Mucolytic | Having the ability to break down mucus |
| Nonproductive Cough | A cough that does not result in coughing up of mucus, secretion, or debris (a dry cough) |
| Aerosolization | The conversion of a liquid into a fine mist or colloidal suspension in air |
| Inspissated | Thickened or dried out |
| Nephrology | The study of the urinary (renal) system |
| Nephron | The basic functional unit of the kidney |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Erythropoiesis | The formation of erythrocytes |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone secreted by healthy kidneys that communicates with the bone marrow to make more red blood cells |
| Uremia | Abnormally high concentrations of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism in the blood |
| Hypertension | Persistently high blood pressure |
| Hypokalemia | Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood |
| Hypertonus | The state characterized by an increased tonicity or tension |
| Detrusor Areflexia | The absence of detrusor contractions |
| Detrusor | The smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that is mainly responsible for emptying the bladder during urination |
| Urinary Incontinence | Lack of voluntary control over the normal excretion of urine |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | Infection of the urinary tract; infection may be localized or may affect the entire urinary tract |
| Upper Motor Neurons | Neurons in the cerebral cortex that conduct impulses from the motor cortex to the motor nuclei of the cerebral nerves or the the ventral gray columns of the spinal column |
| Lower Motor Neurons | Peripheral neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central gray columns of the spinal cord and whose terminations lie in skeletal muscle |
| Arrhythmias | A variation from the normal rhythm |
| Depolarization | Neutralizing of the polarity of a cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions; results in contraction of the cardiac cell and renders it incapable of further contraction until repolarization occurs |
| Repolarization | The return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization |
| Inotropic | Affecting the force of cardiac muscle contraction |
| Chronotropic | Affecting the heart rate |
| Cardiac Remodeling | Change in the size, shape, structure, and physiology of the heart due to damage to the myocardium |
| Tachyarrhythmias | Arrhythmias with a rapid rate |
| Bradyarrhythmias | Arrhythmias with a slow rate |
| Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) | Contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria; arises from an irritable focus or foci in the ventricles |
| Peristalsis | A wave of contractions that propels contents along the digestive tract |
| Segmentation | A periodic, repeating pattern of intestinal constrictions that serves to mix and churn the contents |
| Vomiting Center | An area in the medulla that may be stimulated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the cerebrum, or peripheral receptors to induce vomiting |
| Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ) | An area in the brain that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood |
| Emesis | The act of vomiting |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood (vomitus often resembles coffee grounds) |
| Metena | Dark or black stools that result from blood staining; bleeding has occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract |
| Parietal Cell | A cell located in the gastric mucosa that secretes hydrochloric acid |
| Adsorbent | A drug that inhibits GI absorption of drugs, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface |
| Motilin | A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenal mucosa that causes contraction of intestinal smooth muscle |
| Dentifrice | A preparation for cleansing teeth that is available in a powder, paste, or liquid |
| Releasing Factor/Releasing Hormone | A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of trophic hormones |
| Hypophyseal Portal System | The portal system of the pituitary gland in which venues from the hypothalamus connect with capillaries of the anterior pituitary |
| Trophic Hormone | A hormone that results in production of a second hormone in a target gland |
| Feedback | The return of some of the output product of a process as input in a way that controls the process |
| Gonadotropin | A hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes |
| Endometrium | The mucous membrane lining of the uterus |
| Anabolism | The constructive phase of metabolism in which body cells repair and replace tissue |
| Involution | The return of a reproductive organ to normal size after delivery |
| Myofibril | A muscle fibril composed of numerous myofilaments |
| Euthyroid | A normal thyroid gland |
| Levo Isomer | Left-sided arrangement of a molecule that may exist in a left- or right-sided configuration; left and dextrose isomers have the same molecular formula |
| Primary Hypothyroidism | Hypothyroidism resulting from a pathologic condition in the thyroid |
| Cushing's Disease | hyperadrenocorticism; a disease or syndrome characterized by an overabundance of corticosteroid hormones |
| Iatrogenic | Caused by the physician (veterinarian) |
| Feed Efficiency | The rate at which animals convert feed into tissue; it is expressed as the number of pounds or kilograms of feed needed to produce 1 lb of 1 kg of animal |
| Nitrogen Balance | The condition of the body as it relates to protein intake and use; a positive balance implies a net gain in body protein |
| Entropion | A rolling inward (toward the cornea) of the eyelid |
| Ectropion | A rolling outward (away from the eye) or sagging of the eyelid; many times, the conjunctiva is plainly visible |
| Distichiasis | Eyelashes emerge through the meibomian gland opening at the eyelid margin in a misdirected way, causing the eyelashes to touch and irritate the corneal surface |
| Keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea |
| Uvea | The vascular layer of the eye that comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
| Hyphema | A condition in which red blood cells are present in the anterior chamber of the eye(s) |
| Conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Intracameral Injection | An injection into the anterior chamber of the eye |
| Mydriasis | Dilation of the pupil |
| Open-Angle Glaucoma | A type of primary glaucoma of the eye in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but filtration of the aqueous humor is gradually reduced, causing an increase in IOP |
| Glaucoma | A group of eye diseases characterized by increased IOP that results in damage to the retina and the optic nerve |
| Cycloplegia | paralysis of the ciliary muscle |
| Horner's Syndrome | Paralysis of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye that may cause enophthalmos, ptosis of the upper eyelid, slight elevation of the lower eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and narrowing of the palpebral tissue |
| Blepharospasms | Squinting of the eye |
| Cerumen | A waxy secretion of the glands of the external ear canal (earwax) |
| Otoacariasis | Infestation of ear mites |
| Pyoderma | Any skin disease characterized by the presence or formation of pus |
| Dermatophyte | Fungi parasitic on the skin |
| Integumentary System | Pertaining to, or composed of, the skin |
| Pruritus | Itching |
| Comedo | A plug of keratin and sebum within a hair follicle of the skin; a blackhead |
| Collagen | A fibrous substance found in skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and all other connective tissues |
| Granulation Tissue | New tissue formed in the healing of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrown young vessels; ultimately forms a scar |
| Astringent | An agent that causes contraction after application to tissue |
| Seborrhea | An increase in scaling of the skin; sebum production may or may not be increased |
| Fatty Acids | Organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is esterified with glycerol to form fat |
| Antiseptic | A substance used on the skin to prevent the growth of bacteria or to provide preoperative cleansing of the skin |
| Furuncle (Furunculosis) | A focal suppurative inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; also known as a boil |
| Pseudomembranous Colitis | A severe acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa |
| Erythema | Redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries |
| Dermatophytosis | A fungal skin infection |
| Keratoplastic | An agent that promotes normalization of the development of keratin |
| Keratolytic | An agent that promotes loosening or separation of the horny layer of the epidermis |
| Seborrhea Oleosa | Condition characterized by scaling and excess lipid production that forms brownish yellow clumps, which adhere to the hair and skin |
| Antimicrobial | An agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication of growth |
| Bactericidal | An agent with the capability to kill bacteria |
| Bacteriostatic | An agent that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria |
| Antibiotic | An agent produced by a microorganism or semi-synthetically that has the ability to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms |
| In Vitro | Within an artificial environment |
| In Vivo | Within the living body |
| Beta-Lactamase | Enzymes that reduce the effectiveness of certain antibiotics; beta-lactamase I is penicillinase; beta-lactamase II is cephalosporinase |
| Teratogenic | An agent that causes harm to the developing fetus |
| Thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein associated with a thrombus formation |
| Fungistatic | An agent that inhibits the growth of fungi |
| Fungicidal | An agent that kills fungi |
| Iodophors | An iodine compound with a longer activity period that results from the combination of iodine and a carrier molecule that releases iodine over time |
| Sporicidal | An agent capable of killing spores |
| Symbiosis | Two living organisms of different species living together |
| Parasitiasis | A condition in which an animal harbors an endoparasite/ectoparasite but no clinical signs of infection or infestation are evident |
| Parasitosis | A condition in which an animal harbors an endoparasite/ectoparasite and clinical signs of infection or infestation are evident |
| Ectoparasites | Parasites living on the outside of an animal's body (fleas, ticks) |
| Endoparasites | Parasites living on the inside of an animal's body (heartworms, hookworms) |
| Anthelmintic | Drug used to eliminate helminth parasites (like roundworms) from a host |
| Bots | Larvae of several fly species |
| Nematodes | Parasitic worms (intestinal roundworms, filarial worms, lungworms, kidney worms, heartworms, etc.) |
| Microfilaria | A prelarval stage of a filarial worm transmitted to the biting insect from the principal host |
| Helminths | Parasitic worms, including nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes |
| Physiologic Pain | The protective sensation of pain that allows individuals to move away from potential tissue damage |
| Pathologic Pain | Pain with an exaggerated response; often associated with tissue injury due to trauma or surgery |
| Visceral Pain | Pain arising from stretching, dissension, or inflammation of viscera; described in humans as deep, cramping, or aching, and difficult to localize |
| Somatic Pain | Pain arising from bones, joints, muscle or skin; described in humans as localized, sharp, constant, aching, or throbbing |
| Neuropathic Pain | Pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or CNS |
| Preemptive Analgesia | Analgesia administered before the painful stimulus to help prevent sensitization and windup |
| Multimodal Analgesia | The use of different drugs with different actions to produce optimal analgesia and minimize individual drug quantities when possible |
| Pyrogen | A substance that can initiate a fever |
| Transdermal Application | The use of a patch applied to the skin to deliver a drug through an intact cutaneous surface to the systemic circulation |
| Osmotic Pressure | The ability of solute molecules to attract water |
| Dissociation | The act of separating into ionic components (NaCl separates into Na and Cl) |
| Oncotic Pressure | The osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins in the blood |
| Hypovolemia | Decreased volume of circulating blood |
| Turgor | Degree of fullness or congestion; describes the degree of elasticity of the skin |
| Hyponatremia | A deficiency of sodium in the blood |
| Buffer | A substance that decreases the change in pH when an acid or base is added |
| Colloid | A chemical system composed of a continuous medium throughout which small particles are distributed and do not settle out under the influence of gravity |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid |
| Empirical | Based on observation and person experience |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | Increased body pH caused by excess bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid |
| Hypernatremia | An excess of sodium in the blood |
| Fibrinolysis | Fibrin (clot) breakdown through the action of the enzyme plasmin |
| Endothelial Layer | The smooth layer of epithelial cells that line blood vessels |
| Thrombus | A clot in the circulatory system |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | Widespread formation of clots (thrombi) in the microscopic blood vessels of the circulatory system; occurs as a complication of a wide variety of disorders and consumes clotting factors, with resultant bleeding |
| Thromboembolism | The condition that occurs when thrombus material becomes dislodged and is transported by the bloodstream to another site |
| Thrombocytopenia | A decreased number of platelets |
| Metastasis | Generally refers to the transfer of cancer cells from one site to another |
| Vesicant | A substance that causes blister formation |
| Alkylation | Formation of a linkage between a substance and DNA that causes irreversible inhibition of the DNA molecule; used in chemotherapy |
| Hybridoma | A cell culture that consists of a clone of a hybrid cell formed by fusing cells of different types, such as stimulated mouse plasma cells and myeloma cells |
| Myeloma | A malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (B lymphocytes) |
| Cytotoxic | Capable of destroying cells |
| Antigen | Any substance that can induce a specific immune response, such as toxins, foreign proteins, bacteria, and viruses |
| Preservative | A substance that is added to a product to destroy or inhibit multiplication of microorganisms |
| Becterin | A killed bacterial vaccine |
| Virulence | The ability of an infectious agent to produce pathologic effects |
| Avirulent | The inability of an infectious agent to produce pathologic effects |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | A process that removes a gene from one organism or pathogen and inserts it into the DNA of another; also referred to as gene splicing |
| Passive Immunity | Immunity that occurs by administration of antibodies produced in another individual |
| Polyvalent | A vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin active against multiple antigens or organisms; mixed vaccine |
| Monovalent | A vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism |
| Adjuvants | A substance given with an antigen to enhance the immune response to the antigen; may for a localized granuloma at the injection site or may produce systemic hypersensitivity |
| Autologous | Belonging to the same organism |
| Stem Cells | Cells found in embryonic tissue and the adult animal that have the ability for self-renewal, a lack of cellular specialization, and can give rise to other more specialized cells |
| Matrix | The intracellular substance of tissues like cartilage and bone |
| Nutraceutical | Any nontoxic food component that has scientifically proven health benefits |
| Chelating Agent | An Agents used in chemotherapy for metal poisoning |
| Methemoglobinemia | The presence of methemoglobin in the blood caused by injury or toxic agents that cover a larger-than-normal proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function as an oxygen carrier |
| Turnover | Number of times a product is sold or used up in a veterinary facility; minimum rate should be established 4 times a year |
| Invoice | A form generated by a company that documents the quantity and price of each item ordered by the inventory control manager |
| Markup | The amount of money over cost for which a product sells; markup percentages vary from practice to practice, but all markups reflect a retail value over wholesale value |
| Delayed Billing | A benefit that some companies offer to the buyer who is purchasing increased amounts of merchandise; the date the statement must be pain is usually longer than 30-6- days away |
| FOB Destination | Title of possession passes from the pharmaceutic company to the buyer when the shipment is delivered to the buyer's business destination |
| FOB Shipping Point | Title passes from the pharmaceutic company to the purchaser when the vendor places the goods in possession of the carrier |
| Full-Service Company | Pharmaceutic companies that send a sales representative to visit the veterinary facility and offer full service, usually with a limited number of products |
| Mail Order Discount House | A company that accepts orders from the buyer by telephone |
| Veterinary Supply Distributor | An intermediate company that generally stocks a large inventory and employs sales representatives who visit veterinary facilities |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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