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APHY 101 Quizzes
APHY 101 CH 1 - 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy are largely part of __________ . | metabolism |
| 2. Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? | The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily. |
| The human body gains energy by ingesting food via the mouth. Food is then broken down to basic chemicals through the process of digestion. In the small intestines, the chemicals from food enter the body. part 1 | This process is called absorption. These chemicals are transported through the blood to the cells of the body in a process called circulation. The cells will use these chemicals, along with oxygen, to gain energy in a process known as respiration. 2 |
| Some cells will use these chemicals to build new and more complex chemicals in a process known as assimilation. 3 | Finally, not all substances taken into the body are used. The body can get rid of unabsorbed materials and waste produced by metabolic reactions in a process called excretion. 4 |
| 4. What organ system would include the thyroid gland and pancreas? | Endocrine |
| 5. What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body? | nervous |
| During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a __________. | negative feedback mechanism |
| 7. The knee is __________ to the ankle. | proximal |
| 8. The lungs are __________ to the heart. | lateral |
| The serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the __________ . The membrane that covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs is called the __________ . | parietal peritoneum; visceral peritoneum |
| 10. What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body? | cell |
| The building blocks for DNA and RNA molecules are called _______. | nucleotides |
| 2. Name the type of organic molecule that is hydrophobic. | lipid |
| 3. Matter is composed of elements, which are composed of __________. | atoms |
| 5. The primary type of chemical reaction involved in the digestion of a meal by the digestive system is a(n) __________. | decomposition reaction |
| 6. What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms in a molecule? | covalent bond |
| Cell membrane structure; energy storage | Nucleic acids |
| Genetic information | Nucleic acids |
| Cellular fuel | Glucose |
| Enzymes, transporters, structural components | Proteins |
| 8. What type of substance works to resist changes in the pH of a solution? | buffer |
| 9. Glucose and glycogen are examples of what group of organic compounds? | carbohydrates |
| 11. Gastric juice (fluid in the stomach) has a pH value of 2.0. Therefore, this solution is __________. | acidic |
| 12. A cation is formed when an atom __________ an electron. | loses |
| 13. Bonds occurring between two polar molecules, such as between two water molecules, are ______ bonds. | covalent |
| Which of the following is the same for every cell within a human body? | genome |
| 2. What term describes the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides? | the cell cycle |
| 3. True or False All cells in the body divide at the same rate. | false |
| 4. What are the 3 major parts of a cell? | nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane |
| Phosphate heads | hydrophilic surfaces of membrane |
| Fatty acid tails - | hydrophobic interior of membrane |
| Membrane proteins | receptors; transporters |
| Cholesterol | maintains rigidity |
| Glycoproteins | cell identification |
| Cell membrane | Composed of protein and a lipid bilayer |
| lysosome | Membranous sacs with interior partitions |
| Golgi apparatus | Group of flattened, membranous sacs |
| chromatin | Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules |
| Centrosome | Non-membranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles |
| 7. Cytokinesis is the process by which the __________ of a cell divides. | Cytoplasm |
| 8. Some organelles move within the cell as part of their function. | true |
| 9. What is the site of ribosome production? | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| 11. What of the following organelles play a role in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division? | Peroxisomes |
| 12. Specialized structures found in the cytoplasm of the cell are called __________. | organelles |
| 13. Programmed cell death is called __________. | Apoptosis |
| 14. What type of cell retains the ability to divide repeatedly into any type of cell, thus allowing the body to repair and grow? | Stem cell |
| 15. The process of specialization by a cell is called __________. | differentiation |
| If one strand of DNA had a base sequence of A-T-T-G-C-A, what base order would be found on the complementary strand of DNA? | T A A C G T |
| 2. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons and hydrogen combine with __________, the final electron acceptor. | oxygen - to form water |
| 3. When catalyzing a metabolic reaction, the role of an enzyme is to reduce the __________. | activation energy |
| 4. Three metabolic pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to CO2, H2O, and ATP. Of the three, which one occurs in the cytoplasm? | glycolysis |
| 5. ATP molecules provide energy for cellular activities by __________. | releasing the terminal phosphate group and the energy associated with the bond |
| 6. Name the cell cycle phase during which DNA replication occurs. | Interphase |
| 7. What are the end products of the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose? | 6CO2, 6H2O, 32 ATP |
| 8. What is the process of synthesizing mRNA called? | transcription |
| 9. The molecule called __________ enters the citric acid cycle during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration. | acetyl CoA |
| 10. An enzyme, which accelerates a chemical reaction, is considered a(n) __________. | catalyst |
| 11. For some metabolic pathways, the product of the pathway inhibits the functioning of the first enzyme of the same pathway. This type of regulation is an example of __________. | negative feedback |
| 12. What determines the order of amino acids in a protein? | Order of nucleotide bases within a gene |
| Match DNA and RNA nucleotides to complimentary bases Cytosine to ______ Adenine in DNA to _______ Adenine in RNA to _______ | guanine, thymine, uracil |
| 14. The "genetic code" determines the types of proteins made by a cell. The term "genetic code" refers to ___________. | three-base sequences that code for an amino acid in DNA |
| 15. DNA is a double helix, with a structure much like a twisted ladder. What forms the "rungs" of the ladder? | The paired Nitrogenous bases |
| What type of intercellular junction joins cells in sheet-like layers by fusing adjacent cells together? | tight junctions |
| 2. What type of cartilage provides support and shock absorption? | fibrocartilage |
| 3. In nervous tissue, the cell type that carries out the main function of the tissue is the __________. | neuron |
| Match the descriptions with the epithelial cell shapes Thin flattened cells Cube like cells Elongated cells | squamous cuboidal columnar |
| 5. A single cell, or a structure consisting of a group of cells, that makes and secretes a substance is called a(n) __________. | gland or glandular epithelium |
| 6. What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of blood vessels? | smooth muscle |
| Match function with the connective tissue cell or fiber type Phagocytosis Secretes heparin and histamine Produces fibers Holds structures together with great tensile strength (ligaments & tendons) Lends delicate support in tissues such as the spleen | macrophages mast cells fibroblasts collagenous fibers reticular fibers |
| 8. Skin is exposed to friction and has a protective function. What type of epithelial tissue is best suited to form the outer layer of the skin? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| 11. Which type of tissue covers the body surface and lines organs and cavities? | Connective tissue |
| 13. What type of exocrine gland has small portions of its epithelial cells as its secretion? | Apocrine |
| 15. Connective tissue is notably different from epithelial tissue. Which statement describes a major difference between these tissue types | There is more space between cells in connective tissue. |
| Burns classified as __________ burns heal quickly with no scarring. | superficial partial thickness |
| 2. Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from thin skin. | Stratum lucidum |
| Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another | conduction |
| Use of body heat to convert liquid water in sweat to gaseous water vapor | evaporation |
| Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings | radiation |
| Heat is carried away by movement of air over surface | convection |
| 4. Our skin (thickens or thins), as we age. | thins |
| 5. What variation in melanin accounts for the differences in skin tone between individuals? | Differences in amount of melanin produced |
| 6. What type of burn involves the destruction of some of the epidermis and some of the underlying dermis? | deep partial thickness (2nd degree burn) |
| 7. How do apocrine glands differ from other skin glands? | Apocrine glands secrete in response to emotional stimuli. |
| 8. Nails consist of __________. | keratinized epithelial cells |
| 9. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are located __________ and function to __________. | almost everywhere in the body; cool the skin |
| 10. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin is a response to a(n) __________ in body temperature. | increase |
| 11. Anchoring the epidermis to the superficial dermis is a thin layer called the __________. | basement membrane |
| 12. The __________ are the bundles of smooth muscle found within the dermis, attached to hair follicles. | arrector pili muscle |
| 13. What type of dead cells make up a hair? | Epithelial cells |
| 14. What is keratinization and where does it occur? | Hardening of cells; occurs in epidermis |
| 15. Within the epidermis, cell division and growth occurs in the stratum __________. | basale |
| 1. From what do intramembranous bones form? | From sheetlike layers of unspecialized connective tissue |
| 3. What is the definition of hematopoiesis? | The process of blood cell formation |
| 4. What is an organ that is protected by bones of the axial skeleton? | the heart |
| 5. What happens when the epiphyseal plate is ossified? | The epiphyses start to move farther apart. |
| 6. The osteocytes in compact bone are arranged within cylinder-shaped units called __________. | osteons |
| 7. Bone tissue is largely composed of what two items? | calcium phosphate and chondrocytes |
| 8. Bone tissue is largely composed of what two items? | Collagen and inorganic salts |
| 9. Which of the following is found inferior to the maxilla and has a posterior articulation with the temporal bone? | Mandibular bone |
| 10. What is a function of bone that is due to its relationship with skeletal muscle? | Movement of limbs |
| 11. What is the end of a long bone called? | Epiphysis |
| 12. What is the role of vitamin D in bone development? | Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the small intestine which is used to build bone matrix. |
| 13. Based on their shape, the bones of the Cranium can be classified as what type of bone? | Flat bones |
| 14. Throughout life, bone tissue continues to change. __________ are responsible for resorbing bone matrix and __________ are responsible for replacing it. | Osteoclasts; osteoblasts |
| What type of synovial joint involves one bone end with a globular head that fits into a cup-shaped cavity on the other bone end? | Ball and socket |
| What type of synovial joint involves two bone ends that each have both concave and convex regions? | Saddle (sellar) joint |
| 7. Where are joints called sutures found? | between the flat bones of the skull |
| 8. The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint? | synovial |
| 9. With age, range of motion __________ in joints and the production of synovial fluid __________ . | Decreases, decreases |
| 10. What is the movement of a body part away from the midline in the frontal plane called? | abduction |
| 11. When you sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you have to __________ your hips and __________ your knees. | extend; flex |
| 12. Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as __________ joints. | cartilaginous |
| 13. Movement of a body part backward along the transverse plane is called __________ . | Retraction |
| 15. What type of synovial joint involves two flat (or nearly flat) bone surfaces? | Plane joint |
| In order for a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, calcium must bind to __________ . | troponin |
| 2. The striations seen in skeletal muscle consist of alternating dark bands, called the __________ bands, and light bands, called the __________ bands. | A bands; I bands |
| 3. Describe how action potentials travel from the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle fibers, resulting in the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. | Action potentials travel along the surface of the myofibrils. |
| 4. Name the cordlike structures that connect muscles to bone. | tendons |
| 5. Which muscle is the prime mover of shoulder abduction (abduction of the arm)? | deltoid |
| 6. Name the type of synapse that occurs between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. | Neuromuscular junction |
| 7. Contraction of the splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis will move the __________. | head |
| 8. What is the term for the inability of a muscle to contract after rigorous exercise? | muscle fatigue |
| 9. The metabolic process that generates a net of two ATP molecules in the cytosol of a muscle fiber is called __________ . | glycolysis |
| 10. In what type of muscle do muscle impulses pass freely from cell to cell, resulting in contraction of the entire muscle, not just individual fibers? | Cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle (check for right answer) |
| 11. Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is __________ to contract and __________ to relax. | faster; slower (find right answer) |
| 12. Muscles that flex the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm while those that extend the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm. | posterior; anterior (check for right answer ) |
| 13. Name the organelles that store neurotransmitter molecules within the distal end of a motor neuron axon. | synaptic vesicles |
| 14. Name the functional units of contraction in a muscle fiber. | sarcomeres |
| 15. What is the term for the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single muscle impulse? | twitch |
| The brain and the spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system. | central |
| 2. What type of electrical signal is an all-or-none response? | Action potential |
| 3. What occurs during depolarization of an axon? | Sodium channels open and sodium diffuses into the cell. |
| 4. Match description with correct classification of near Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors Relay impulses beween neurons in CNS Carry impulses from receptors to CNS | Motor neurons, Interneurons, Sensory neurons |
| 5. What is the role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system? | To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules |
| 6. Match the description Cell body has single process that divides into two branches. Cell body with a process arising from each end; one dendrite and one axon. Cell body with many processes; one axon and many dendrites | Unipolar neuron, Bipolar neuron, Multipolar neuron |
| The effectors of the _________ nervous system are skeletal muscles The effectors of the __________ nervous system include cardia muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. | Somatic, autonomic |
| What are muscles and glands whose activities are controlled by nervous activity called? | Effectors |
| The disease called multiple sclerosis involves an immune response against myelin of the central nervous system, causing scar formation (sclerosis) within the neural tissue. How would this affect nerve impulse conduction? | Impulses are blocked or interrupted. |
| What functions to detect changes inside and outside of the body? | sensory receptors |
| Cells called _________ are specialized to send and receive nerve impulses. Cells called_____ have a support function, though they may also send and receive impulses. | neurons, neuroglia |
| The myelin sheath along an axon is not continuous. What are the gaps between Schwann cells called? | nodes of ranvier |
| Bundles of myelinated axons form nervous system tissue called _____ Unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and synapses are found within nervous system tissue called _____ | White matter, gray matter |
| What structure of a neuron is a short, highly branched process that helps receive input from other neurons? | Dendrites |
| In what type of axon does saltatory conduction occur? | Myelinated |
| Where is the pia mater located? | superficial to the arachnoid mater |
| Identify in the image of Corpus callosum | Corpus callosum |
| Which part of the peripheral nervous system would send impulses to the skeletal muscles in the arm? | somatic motor spinal nerves |
| Name a noticeable sign of normal aging in the nervous system. | Increase in memory loss |
| What division of the nervous system functions independently and continuously, without conscious effort? | Autonomic nervous system |
| What type of nerve fibers would control the skeletal muscles of facial expression? | Somatic cranial nerve fibers |
| 7. The brain and the spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system. | central |
| 8. In which lobe of the cerebrum is the visual cortex located? | occipital |
| 9. What functional region of the cerebral cortex is located in the frontal lobe? | Primary motor cortex |
| ame the combination of neurotransmitter and receptor type that will cause an increase in heart rate. | Norepinephrine and adrenergic receptor |
| Sense of vision nerve | oculomotor cranial nerve |
| Controls muscles of facial expression nerve | facial cranial nerve |
| Sense of equilibrium | vestibulcohlear cranial nerve |
| Cutaneous sensation from the face | trigeminal cranial nerve |
| Controls heart rate and glands in abdomen | vagus cranial nerve |
| T/F - The right cerebral hemisphere controls the muscles in the right hand responsible for writing. | False - (Due to crossing over of the corticospinal tracts, the primary motor cortices in the frontal lobes control the skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body) |
| What is the correct order of meninges from superficial to deep? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| Controls muscles that move the eye and control the amount of light entering the eye (pupil size) | oculomotor cranial nerve |
| Controls muscles of neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid) | Accessory cranial nerve |
| Sensory information for the sense of smell | olfactory cranial nerve |
| Controls muscles that move the tongue | Hypoglossal cranial nerve |
| Controls muscles for swallowing and salivary glands; sensory information from carotid arteries. | facial cranial nerve |
| What is the name of the specialized capillaries that secrete cerebrospinal fluid? | Choroid plexuses |
| olfactory organs is for what sense? | smell |
| spiral organ (organ of corti) is for what sense? | hearing |
| maculae and cristae ampullaris is for what special sense? | equilibrium |
| Retina is for what sense? | sight |
| taste buds is for what sense? | taste |
| 2. The cristae ampullaris house the receptors for what sense? | dynamic equilibrium |
| 3. Thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature at the body's surface. Extremes in temperature also stimulate __________. | pain receptors |
| 4. Within the retina, what is the area of sharpest vision? | Fovea centralis |
| 5. In this image of an ear model, name the ear structure highlighted in green and indicated by the arrow. (Image of tympanic membrane) | tympanic membrane |
| 6. What is the structure within the eye that holds the lens in place? | ciliary body (ciliary muscles) |
| 7. What is the function of lysozyme found in tear secretions? | It is an anti-bacterial enzyme, reducing the risk of infection. |
| 8. What is meant by the term referred pain? | Visceral pain that is sensed as coming from another body part |
| 9. Name the inner ear structure highlighted in green on this ear model. Image of ear pointing to semicircular ducts or canals | Semicircular ducts |
| 10. Stretch receptors and baroreceptors are examples of what type of receptor? | Mechanoreceptors |
| 11. What is the function of the auditory tube? | Provides air-filled space for auditory ossicles to function |
| 12. Taste buds are associated with bumps on the tongue called __________. | papillae |
| 13. Someone with a cold that involves increased mucus secretions in the nasal cavity will find that both their sense of smell and their sense of __________ are affected. | taste |
| 14. The smooth muscles of the __________ regulate the diameter of the pupil. | choroid coat |
| Light energy receptor | photoreceptor |
| changes in concentrations of chemicals receptor | chemoreceptor |
| any factor that causes tissue damage receptor | pain receptors |
| changes in heat energy receptor | thermoreceptor |
| changes in pressure or movement receptor | mechanoreceptor |
Created by:
dgill21