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AICE FR3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mobilising | Calling up part-time soldiers or national guardsmen for military service. |
| Dictatorship | A system where one individual controls all political power. |
| Natural frontiers | Barriers, such as rivers, mountain ranges and the sea, that separate countries. |
| Annex | To incorporate foreign territory into a state, usually forcibly and against the will of the local people. |
| Decree of Fraternity | The Convention offered support to those in any state wishing to overthrow their rulers and establish democratic political systems. |
| First Coalition | A loose anti-French alliance created by Britain & consisting of the Netherlands, Spain, Piedmont, Naples, Prussia, Russia, Austria and Portugal. Russia refused to commit soldiers to the coalition when Britain did not send money to support Russia’s armies. |
| Committee of Public Safety | Effectively, the government of France during 1793–4 and one of the twin pillars of the Terror along with the Committee of General Security. |
| Levy | An assessment to raise an agreed number of conscripts. |
| Monarchist | Active supporter of the Bourbon monarchy. |
| Constitutional priests | Those who took the oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. |
| Guerrilla warfare | Military action by irregular bands avoiding direct confrontation with the larger opposing forces. They did not wear uniforms in order to blend in with civilians. |
| Requisitioning | Compulsory purchase by the government of supplies of food and horses paid for in assignats – the new paper currency. |
| Bertrand de Barère (1755–1841) | A lawyer and journalist, Barère was originally a moderate but became more extreme after the flight to Varennes. As a member of the Convention he served on the CPS where he opposed Robespierre. |
| Anti-republican opposition | Forces opposed to the Republic, mainly former members of the nobility, refractory priests and monarchists. |
| Committee of General Security | Had overall responsibility for police security, surveillance and spying. |
| Revolutionary Tribunal | A court specialising in trying those accused of counter-revolutionary activities. |
| Representatives-on-mission | Mainly Jacobin deputies from the Convention sent to various parts of France to reassert government authority. |
| Comités de surveillance | Surveillance or watch committees, sometimes known simply as revolutionary committees. |
| Summary execution decree | From 19 March 1793 any rebels captured with arms were to be executed immediately. |
| Federalism | A rejection of the central authority of the State in favour of regional authority. |
| Vertu | Virtue – meaning moral excellence. |
| Militants | Those who differed from ordinary sans-culottes in that they adopted an extreme political position such as arguing for a republic, greater democracy and the destruction of privilege. |
| Philippe Égalité (1747–93) | A distant cousin of the Louis XVI and an outspoken critic of the monarchy. He renounced his title – he was the Duke of Orléans – and offered his Paris home, the Palais-Royal, as a venue for political meetings. |
| Egalitarianism | Derived from ‘equality’ – the aim to have all citizens equal, with no disparities in wealth, status or opportunity. |
| Certificates of citizenship | Proof of good citizenship and support for the Republic, without which no one could be employed. |
| Levée en masse | All the resources of the State – people, buildings and resources – put at its disposal for military use. |
| Total war | All aspects of the State – population, economy and buildings – were used by the government to try to ensure victory. |
| Enragés | An extreme revolutionary group led by Jacques Roux which had considerable influence on the Parisian sans-culottes. |
| Jacques Roux (1752–94) | A Catholic priest and militant member of the Cordelier Club. He took part in several journées and urged the government to pass more extreme laws to benefit ordinary people. |
| Armée révolutionnaire | Sans-culottes sent to the provinces to confront counter-revolutionary forces and ensure the movement of food supplies. |
| Dechristianisation | Ruthless anti-religious policies conducted by some Jacobin supporters against the Catholic Church, aimed at destroying its influence. |
| General Maximum | Tables that fix the prices of a wide range of foods and commodities. |
| Law of Suspects | Anyone suspected of counter-revolutionary activity and undermining the Republic could be arrested and held without trial indefinitely. |
| Agents nationaux | National agents appointed by, and responsible to, the central government. Their role was to monitor the enforcement of all revolutionary laws. |
| Jacques Hébert (1757–94) | An influential journalist who published Le Père Duchesne. Hébert was an extreme republican who opposed moderates such as the Girondin. He also used his paper to attack Danton and called for more radical policies. |
| Indulgents | Supporters of Danton and Desmoulins who wished to see a relaxation of the Terror. |
| Camille Desmoulins (1760–94) | A skilled journalist and prominent Jacobin who was an ally of Danton. From late 1793 he called for a relaxation of the Terror. |
| Law of Prairial | The most severe of the laws passed by the revolutionary government. Its purpose was to reform the Revolutionary Tribunal to secure more convictions. The law paved the way for the Great Terror. |
| Louis Antoine de Saint-Just (1767–94) | A fanatical republican and prominent member of the CPS. He vigorously enforced the Terror against the Republic’s enemies, but wished to use it to reorder French society by promoting the redistribution of wealth. |
| Cult of the Supreme Being | Robespierre’s alternative civic religion to the Catholic faith. |
| Laws of Ventose | Property of those recognised as enemies of the Revolution could be seized and distributed among the poor. |
| Terrorist | An active supporter of the policies of the Terror. |
| Coup of Thermidor | The overthrow of Robespierre and his closest supporters, which marked the end of the Terror. |
| Conventionnels | Members of the Convention between 1792 and 1795. |
| François-Noël ‘Gracchus’ Babeuf (1760–97) | A radical pamphleteer and activist who championed the rights of ordinary people in his journal, Tribun du Peuple. He advocated property being redistributed from the rich to the poor. |
| Conspiracy of Equals | Babeuf’s theory of how to organise a revolution, using a small group of committed revolutionaries rather than a mass movement. |
| Mandats territoriaux | The new paper currency issued by the Directory in March 1796 and withdrawn in February 1797, when worth only one per cent of face value. |
| Deflation | A fall in the level of prices for goods and services allowing more to be purchased with the same amount of money. |
| Dominique-Vincent Ramel (1760–1829) | A lawyer from Carcassonne, Ramel was elected to the Estates-General, the Convention and Council of 500. His interest in taxation issues and other economic matters led the Directory to appointment him as Minister of Finance (1796–9). |
| National debt | Money borrowed by the government from its own people in the form of bonds and loans, on which it has to pay interest. This debt increased during the Revolution and the war. |
| Francs | On 7 April 1795 the Convention introduced the silver franc as the official unit of currency replacing the livre. |
| Bankruptcy of the two-thirds | The government wrote off two-thirds of the debt it owed its creditors. |
| Balance the budget | To create a situation in which the government’s expenditure is equal to its income. |
| Armistice | An agreement between two warring countries to end hostilities. This would precede a peace settlement that would formally mark the end of a war. |
| Irish Nationalists | Irish men and women who were passionately anti-British and wished to be free from what they considered foreign rule. During the Revolution they approached the republicans for support. |
| Satellite republics | States that had the appearance of being independent but were in reality under French control. Also known as ‘sister republics’. |
| Second Coalition | Formed in 1799 and consisting of Britain, Russia, Austria, Turkey, Portugal and Naples. |
| Forced loan | A measure compelling the wealthy to loan money to the government. |
| Law of Hostages | Relatives of any French citizens opposing the Republic would be imprisoned at their own expense and their property seized to pay for damage done by anti-government rebels. |
| Brigandage | Outbreaks of lawlessness and violence by groups of bandits. |
| Saint-Cloud | A former royal palace in the suburbs of Paris away from the influence of Paris, where the plotters believed that Jacobinism was still a powerful force. |
| Lucien Bonaparte (1775–1840) | Napoleon’s younger brother was a prominent Jacobin during the Terror (survived the fall of Robespierre). During the Directory he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred & rose to become its president. Played a crucial role in the coup of Brumaire. |
| Consulate | The system of government that replaced the Directory. It took its name from the three consuls, of whom Napoleon was the most important as First Consul. They formed the executive in the new constitution of 1799. |
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