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EMT Ch.7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| EMT Ch.7 Ventilation,Perfusion,and Shock | Title card |
| Adjustments the body makes to correct imbalances is callled? | Compensation |
| A steady state that allows the body to grow,heal and carry out normal functions necessary to live is called | Homeostasis |
| What two things are needed for energy creation? | A constant delivery of Oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells |
| Cell membrane | Protects and selectively allows water and other substances into and out of the cell |
| What does the cell nucleus contain | DNA |
| DNA | The genetic blueprint for cellular reproduction |
| The key role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Produce proteins |
| Energy for the cell is produced largely by | The Mitochondria |
| The structures that are responsible for the conversion of nutrients and glucose into ATP | The Mitochondria |
| A cellular function of converting nutrients into energy | Metabolism |
| The conversion of glucose into ATP is an essential process of | Metabolism |
| The most essential functions of cells rely principally on what 3 things? | Water,glucose, oxygen |
| What happens when a cell doesn't have enough water? | It dehydrates and dies |
| What happens when a cell has too much water? | Basic cellular function is interrupted |
| A substance that,when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles | Electrolytes |
| What are the 3 important electrolytes of the body? | Potassium,magnesium, sodium |
| Levels of water in the body are controlled by what 2 systems? | The renal system and the circulatory system |
| A simple sugar obtained from the foods we eat | Glucose |
| What happens during metabolism to create energy? | Glucose is broken down inside the cell and combined with oxygen which creates energy |
| What happens to a cell without glucose? | Normal energy production within the cell and cell function cease. |
| Why do most of the body's cells require the presence of insulin in the blood? | To help move glucose from the blood into the cells |
| Levels of glucose and insulin in the body are controlled by what 2 systems? | Digestive and Endocrine systems |
| Healthy metabolism requires | Oxygen |
| What is used by the cell to metabolize glucose into energy? | Oxygen |
| Metabolism with sufficient amounts of oxygen is called | Aerobic Metabolism |
| Metabolism with insufficient or no oxygen is called | Anaerobic Metabolism |
| Does all cellular metabolism produce waste products? | Yes |
| What waste is created by both types of metabolism? | Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide |
| What additional waste product is created through anaerobic metabolism? | Lactic acid |
| What happens in anaerobic metabolism to create lactic acid? | Excess carbon dioxide is produced and hydrogen ions are released |
| How much more energy does aerobic metabolism yield than anaerobic metabolism? | 16x more energy |
| What does the body shift its energy to doing during anaerobic metabolism? | Removing waste products |
| How does the body respond to high levels of carbon dioxide? | It increases its respiratory rate |
| During anaerobic metabolism acid in the body is converted to | More carbon dioxide and water |
| What happens when there are high levels of acid in the body? | Hemoglobin loses its attraction to oxygen >less oxygen can be transported by the blood making it more difficult to oxygenate tissues |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen carrying molecules in the blood |
| What 2 systems control the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body? | Respiratory system and the cardiovascular system |
| Process that moves oxygen across the thin membrane from the alveoli to the capillaries is called? | Diffusion |
| The ability to effectively transfer fluids,electrolytes, and other substances in and out of the cell is called? | Permeability |
| What happens when a cell membrane becomes ineffective due to disease processes? | The cell membrane starts to allow substances into the cell that should not be there (like toxins) and interferes with the regulation of water |
| Inhaled air contains what percent of nitrogen and oxygen? | 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen |
| The concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe in is referred to as? | The fraction of inspired oxygen or FiO2 |
| FiO2 | Fraction of inspired oxygen |
| Patent | Open and clear, free from obstruction |
| Upper airway includes what's above which structure | Trachea, the upper airway is above the trachea |
| Lower airway is | Below the opening of the trachea |
| The lungs together with the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest wall, change their _____ _____ to pull air in or push air out. | Internal pressures |
| The volume of air moved in one in-and-out cycle of breathing is called? | Tidal volume |
| Minute volume | The amount of air that gets into and out of the lungs in one minute |
| How do you calculate minute volume? | Multiply the tidal volume by the respiratory rate to get minute volume |
| Dead air space | Air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange |
| Respiratory disfunction occurs any time ____ ____ is interfered with. | Minute volume |
| Section of the brain that is the seat of respiratory control? | Medulla Oblongata |
| Space between lung tissue and the chest wall | Pleural space |
| Is the pressure within the thorax negative or positive during inhalation? | Negative |
| Is the pressure inside the thorax negative or positive during exhalation? | Positive |
| A hole within the chest cavity or a build up of blood,fluid or air within the pleural space could cause | Interference of pressure within the chest cavity causing the lungs to collapse away from the chest wall |
| Hypercapnia | High levels of carbon dioxide |
| Chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide | Chemoreceptors |
| Which drives the respiratory system, oxygen or carbon dioxide? | Carbon dioxide, because based on its levels within the body is how the brain tells your body to respond. |
| How does blood transport oxygen? | By by binding oxygen to hemoglobin in the red blood cells,and to a lesser extent, by dissolving it into the plasma. |
| Are carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolved in the plasma? | Yes |
| The pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream is called? | Plasma Oncotic Pressure |
| The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel | Hydrostatic pressure |
| What two types of pressure are critical to regulating both blood pressure and cell hydration? | Plasma Oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure |
| Sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure are called? | Sensory receptors |
| A major problem with blood vessels with their inability to control their diameter is called? | Loss of Tone |
| The pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system | Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) |
| SVR | Systemic Vascular Resistance |
| The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction? | Stroke Volume |
| How much blood does the average person eject per contraction? | ~70mL |
| What three things does stroke volume depend on? | Preload,Contractility,Afterload |
| What is preload? | The amount of blood returned to the heart before contraction. Basically how much the heart is filled. |
| What is contractility? | The force of the contraction, how hard the heart squeezes |
| What is afterload? | The amount of pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system |
| The greater the filling of the heart, the greater the _____ _____. | Stroke volume |
| The greater the pressure in the system, the lower the ____ _____. | Stroke volume |
| The more forceful the muscle squeezes, the greater the ____ _____. | Stroke volume |
| What is cardiac output? | The amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute |
| How is cardiac output calculated? | By multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate |
| When the heartrate is greater than ___, then the stroke volume decreases as well as the overall ____ _____? | 180, cardiac output |
| Bradycardia is anything less than? | 60 beats/min |
| Tachycardia is anything greater than? | 100 beats/min |
| What is a V/Q match? | Ventilation/perfusion match. Basically implies that the alveoli have enough air and that air is matched with a sufficient amount of blood in the pulmonary capillaries to allow for optimum gas exchange |
| Why is the V/Q match more of a ratio rather than just a number? | Because a perfect V/Q match is rare and there are too many variables that can affect a V/Q match. |
| What are the 4 distinct groupings of shock? | Hypovolemic shock,Distributive shock,Cardiogenic shock,Obstructive shock |
| What is hypovolemic shock? | Hypovolemia from blood being lost in the cardiovascular system from severe bleeding or when the volume portion of blood is lost because of dehydration |
| What is distributive shock? | Loss of tone |
| Cardiogenic shock? | The heart fails to pump blood due to an electrical or mechanical problem |
| Obstructive shock? | Blood is physically prevented from flowing due to blockage |
| Compensated shock? | The body's attempt to self-correct and sustain normal function during hypoperfusion. |
| What are 6 signs and symptoms of compensated shock that can be recognized during patient assessment? | -slight mental status changes like anxiety and feeling of impending doom -increased heart rate -increased respiratory rate -delayed capillary refill time -pale skin that is cool and moist to the touch (diaphoresis) -sweating |
| Decompensated Shock (hypotensive shock)? | When compensatory mechanisms have failed in there attempt to sustain perfusion. |
| Another name for decompensated shock? | Hypotensive shock |
| How is decompensated shock commonly characterized? | Decreased blood pressure and altered mental status |
| Irreversible shock? | Inadequately perfused organ systems begin to die |
| Hypotensive is considered a systolic blood pressure of less than? | 90 |
| About what % of the body is made up of water? | 60% |
| % of water that can be found intracellular (within the cell)? | 70% |
| How much water can be found intravascular (within the bloodstream)? | 5% |
| How much water can be found interstitial (between the cells and blood vessels)? | 25% |
| Maintaining a balance of water relies on a healthy ______ system. | Gastrointestinal system |
| Substantial fluid loss could lead to _____ shock. | Hypovolemic shock |
| Where can edema be seen best? | Dependent parts of the body that are most subject to gravity |
| True or false: endocrine disorders are either present at birth or the result of illness. | True |
| Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) | An exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance. |
| Another word for allergic reaction? | Hypersensitivity |
| Chemical released during allergic reaction that produces edema? | Histamine |
| Why does narrowing of the airways happen during a allergic reaction? | Because of changes in blood vessel permeability |
Created by:
Chelsea307