Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

175 ch 10

175 ch 10 & 11

Question	Answer
A report that shows susceptible strains of pathogens to antibiotics	Antibiogram
Using the Inhibitor disc on agar plates to test sensitivity of microbes to antibiotics	Kirby-Bauer test
Like the Kirby-Bauer test but uses strips	E-Test
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is	The least amount of drug per volume of liquid that has a visible inhibition of growth on microbes; Done as Tube Dilution Test
The use of a drug to prevent infection to someone at risk is called	Prophylaxis
Antimicrobial means	Broad term for drugs that fight infections
Natural agents used against bacterial infections	Antibiotics
Broad Spectrum drugs	Many Bacteria
Narrow Spectrum drugs	Target a specific group of bacteria
Therapeutic Index	Ratio of Toxic dose compared to Effective dose
Selective Toxicity	Highly toxic to target microbe while less toxic to host cells
Microbe considered by CDC as Urgent Threat	Clostridium Difficle ; C diff & CRE Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Microbe considered by CDC as Serious Threat	Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococcus ; VRE
Microbe considered by CDC as Concerning Threat	Vancomycin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ; VRSA
The R Factor refers to what	The type of Plasmid that confers antibiotic resistant
Bacteria that goes to slow growing or dormant until antibiotic is gone is called	Persisters
The enzyme in bacteria that hydrolyzes Penicillin	Penicillinase
Term used for a situation where infections is untreatable with antibiotics is	Post Antibiotic Era
Term for when a Antibiotic is modified in lab	Semisynthetic Drug
3 factors of horizontal gene transfer	Transduction , Transformation, Conjugation
Term for A rapid developing pronounced allergic reaction that can become life threating	Anaphylaxis
The 3 modes of Action for antiviral drug	Prevent transcription/translation, Prevent penetration, Prevent maturation
Prebiotics do what	Stimulate the growth of biota in GI
The current treatment for Malaria is with	Artemisinin
The 2 drugs to treat helminths in humans	Ivermectin, Praziquantel
Drug used in place of penicillin because of allergic reaction to penicillin	Cephalosporin
Drugs that have a low toxicity, target what part of the bacteria	The cell wall
Drugs that have a high toxicity to humans, target what part of microbe	The cytoplasmic membrane
5 ways that antimicrobials target cell	Cell wall synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, Plasma membrane, Protein synthesis, Folic Acid synthesis
Drug used against MRSA	Cephalosporins 5th generation Cegtaroline
Vancomycin is used	Is Narrow spectrum to treat Staphylococcal infections concerning penicillin and methicillin resistance or penicillin allergy
Drug that blocks the attachment of tRNA on the 'A' acceptor site and stop further protein synthesis and broad spectrum is	Tetracycline , gram pos & neg cocci and rods, aerobic & anaerobic bacteria rickettsias and spirochetes
Modes of Action for microbes to be resistant	New enzymes inactivating drug ( penicillinase), Uptake of drug into microbe is decreased, Drug enters and is immediately eliminated from microbe, Decreased binding sites for the drug, Change in the metabolic pathway
Carbapenems are used when	Powerful , used when other drugs are not working, CRE is resistant to it
Toxic reactions to Penicillin G	Rash , watery eyes , Hives
Toxic reaction to Carbenicillin	Abnormal bleeding
Toxic reaction to Ampicillin	Diarrhea
Toxic reactions to Cephalosporins	Inhibition of platelet function, Decreased circulation of white blood cells , Nephritis (nephron inflammation)
Toxic reaction to Tetracyclines	Diarrhea, discoloration of tooth enamel , Photosensitivity
3 considerations in choosing a antimicrobial are	Identify the Microbe, Sensitivity of Microbe , and Overall Health of Patient
MIC ; Minimal Inhibitory Concentration is	Identifies the smallest effective dose of an antimicrobial toxic to the microbe
Therapeutic Index is	Ratio of toxicity of drug to human vs. microbe , the Higher the ratio number the less toxic the drug is to the human.
Drugs that block cell wall synthesis are 4 ea.	Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Vancomycins
4 Drugs that block Protein synthesis are	Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Oxazolidinone, Pleuromutilins
2 Drugs that block Folic Acid synthesis are	Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
2 Drugs that disrupt cell membranes	Polymyxins and Daptomycin
3 Major side effects to antimicrobials are	Toxicity to organs, Altering the normal Biota, Allergic Reactions
What are R Factors	They are Plasmids that contain a code for Drug Resistance
Clavulanic Acid does what	Inhibits the Beta-Lactamase
Nafcillin does what	Treats infections caused by Penicillinase producing bacteria
Fluoroquinolones kills microbes by	Stopping the DNA Transcription
4 Antifungals are	Macrolide Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines
Define Human Biome	Total Microbes found on and in normal human ; Important for health of host
Leukocidins	Lyses White Blood Cells ; Produced by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus and is a Toxin to WBC
Enterotoxins are	Toxin that acts on the GI Tract
Exoenzyme is	An Extracellular enzyme that may damage host tissue
Exotoxin is	Toxin that acts on a Specific cellular tissue; Are Proteins
Symptom is defined as	Being perceived by the Patient
Sign is defined as	Being observed by a Physical exam
Syndrome is defined as	Signs and Symptoms that indicate a Disease
Edema is	Build up of excess fluid in an area
Endotoxins are	Lipopolysaccharides and are gram negative` ; shed off and are not target specific
Septicemia	Microbes in the blood that are multiplying
Bacteremia and Viremia	Microbes in the blood that are Not multipying
Leukocytosis	Increase of WBC
Leukopenia	Decrease of WBC
Sequelae	Permanent damage to tissue or organ from disease ; polio
Zoonosis	Animal to Human disease
Fomite	Solid Objects or Material that can spread infectious diseases when contact is made
Horizontal transmission	Person to Person
Vertical transmission	Parent to Offspring
Common Source Epidemic	Disease that originates from a pathogen that comes from One Source and can effect people in different areas geographically
Point Source Epidemic	Is a type of Common Source ; Would be a smaller scale, like people getting sick from bad potato salad at a group function
Propagated Epidemic	Pathogen that is communicable from person to person ; and is sustained over time ; the FLU
Prevalence	A total number of existing cases of a disease in a Population
Epidemiology	Study of spread of disease in a Community
Incidence	The measure of new cases over a certain time period
Epigenetic changes do what	Make changes to the host DNA or RNA , can be passed along with replication
4 Stages of Infection	Incubation Period, Prodromal Stage, Acute Phase, Convalescence
Nosocomial is another name for	Healthcare associated infections
An agent that causes a disease or infection	Etiologic Agent
An enzyme that causes clotting of blood or plasma	Coagulase
The Vector that transports infectious agents without becoming infected	Mechanical vectors; carry microbe on their body
An extracellular enzyme that may damage the host tissues	Exoenzyme
Term for microbes gaining a better foothold on host tissues	Adhesion
Difference in Fomite and Vehicle	Fomite is solid object only, Vehicle can include water, liquid and air
Virulence is	The degree of pathogenicity of a microbe ; Severity
Toxins that act on the intestines	Enterotoxins
The place where microbes originate from is the	Reservoir
The Vector that carries the microbe within its body and injects to others	Biological Vector
Term in epidemiology for Total number of new cases in an area and specific time period	Incidence
Term for a disease in an normal healthy person	True Pathogen
Term for number of persons infected with a disease	Morbidity Rate
Term in epidemiology for total number of cases in an area at a certain time	Prevalence
Ways that Exotoxins affect host cells	Damage to cell membrane, Lysis of cell, Disrupting intracellular functions
Term for infection with more than one microbe	Polymicrobial
DNA sequences that have the capability to move in the genomes	Transposons
Antifungal drug group that acts on interfering with sterol synthesis	Azoles
2 Drugs that treat several roundworms	Mebendazole and Albendazole
2 Bacterial sources for Antibiotics are	Streptomyces and Bacillus
4 Stages of Infection are	Incubation stage, Prodromal stage, Acute stage, Convalescent stage
Most antibiotics are formed from what	Streptomyces and Bacillus
Most antifungals are formed from what	Penicillium and Cephalosporium
Bacteria with the most resistance are	Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, and Aerobic Gram Negative Intestinal Bacteria
Works to disrupt tRNA , drugs contain 'cine' in name	Tetracycline
Drug that treats gram negative , disrupts protein synthesis, names end in 'cin'. like streptomycin	Aminoglycosides
Inhibits cell wall synthesis, is a Beta-Lactam antibiotic, drug names end in 'nem'	Carbapenems
Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Beta-Lactam antibiotic, name ends in 'cillin'	Penicillins
A broad spectrum , inhibits DNA transcription, name ends in 'xacin'	Fluoroquinolones
Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Bata-Lactam antibiotic, similar to penicillin, names begin with 'cef'	Cephalosporins
Vancomycin belongs to this group, inhibits cell wall synthesis,	Lipoglycopeptides
Prevents Folic Acid synthesis, works on G- and G+ ,names begin with 'sulf'	Sulfonamides
Clavulanic Acid inhibits what	Inhibits the Beta-Lactam Enzymes from microbes, is added to penicillins
Macrolide Polyenes and Azoles	AntiFungal , Causes loss of membrane permeability
Most used drug for Malaria , antiprotozoan	Artemisinin
Quinine, Chloroquine, and Primaquine are	Antiprotozoans
Broad spectrum drugs for Roundworms	Mebendazoles and Albendazoles
Drugs for Fluke and Tapeworms	Praziquantel and Ivermectin
Define Antegen	The way a drug acts that causes a allergic reaction
Drug that inhibits DNA synthesis	Fluoroquinolones

Created by: scones and joe

Popular Bacteriology sets

USCSOM: Micro: Memorizing bacteria

Overview of bugs

Gram + Rods, Anaerobic

Gram - Coccus, Aerobic

Antibacterial agents

Gram - Rods, Aerobic Intracellular

Gram - Rods, Aerobic, Extracellular

Gram - Rods, Microaerophilic

Gram - Rods, Facultative Anaerobes

Gram - Rod, Extracellular Obligate Anaerobes

Bacterial morphology, growth genetics, human flora, pathogenesis, antibiotics

Gram +ve vs. Gram -ve, cocci vs. bacilli, others

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: