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BIO 169 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fibrous Pericardium | outermost layer; protects from overfilling |
| Serous Pericardium | innermost layer; parietal and visceral membrane |
| Parietal Membrane | lines inside of fibrous pericardium facing the heart |
| Visceral Membrane | covers the surface of the heart itself (same as endocardium) |
| Pericardial Cavity | contains serous fluid to reduce friction |
| What Has 3 Layers? | the heart wall |
| What Has 2 Layer & Cavity | pericardium |
| 3 Layers of the Heart Wall | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Epicardium | outermost layer of connective tissue on surface of heart |
| Myocardium | multiple layers of cardiac muscle; thickest and performs the work of the heart |
| Endocardium | inside, covers the valves; thin layer of squamous epithelium |
| AV Valves | valve between each atrium and its ventricle |
| Semilunar Valves | valve at the exit of each ventricle |
| The Cardiac Skeleton | fibrous rings of heart, prevents stretching, stabilizes valves, insulating barrier separating atria and ventricles |
| Insulating Barrier of The Cardiac Skeleton | prevents electrical impulses from reaching the ventricles other than the normal conduction pathway |
| 5 Areas for Heart Sounds | aortic, pulmonic, erb's point(S1&S2), tricuspid, mitral (All Patients Eventually Trust Me) |
| Heart S1 | av valves closing (lub) |
| Heart S2 | semilunar valves closing (dub) |
| Valvular Insufficiency | incompetent valve; allows blood to regurgitate back into the chamber |
| Heart Murmur | sound of regurgitation; turbulence of backflow from incompetent heart valves |
| Valvular Stenosis | stenotic valve is narrowed and causes the heart to strain |
| End Arteries | do not overlap with arteries coming from opposite direction |
| Coronary Arteries | deliver oxygenated blood to myocardium |
| Cardiac Veins | collect deoxygenated blood from myocardium |
| R. Coronary Artery Supplies Blood to | R atrium Part of L atrium Most of R ventricle Inferior part of L ventricle |
| L. Coronary Artery Supplies Blood to | L atrium Most of L ventricle Most of interventricular septum |
| L. Coronary Artery Branches into | Anterior Interventricular Artery/Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) Circumflex artery |
| R. Arteries of Heart | R. Coronary Artery R. Marginal Artery Post. Interventricular Artery |
| L. Arteries of Heart | L. Coronary Artery L. Circumflex Artery (LCX) Ant. Interventriculat Artery (LAD-widow maker) |
| Veins of Heart | Great Cardiac Vein Middle Cardiac Vein Coronary Sinus |
| Coronary Sinus | end point of all cardiac veins; dumps deoxygenated right atrium |
| Coronary Ischemia | due to a fatty deposit called a plaque or a blood clot called a thrombus |
| #1 Cause of Death in US | coronary disease |
| Atherosclerosis | narrowed arteries d/t build up of cholesterol or fatty deposits |
| Angina pectoris | spasm of blocked artery or heart demands more O2 than available; stops w/rest |
| Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) | blood flow completely blocked by fatty deposit or blood clot, resulting in death of myocardial cells |
| Most Common Cause of MI | coronary thrombosis |
| Measurable Enzymes for MI | CK-MB (creatine phosphokinase) Cardiac Troponin T Cardiac Troponin I |
| What Promotes Collateral Circulation? | regular exercise |
| Arterial Anastomoses | connect posterior and anterior interventricular arteries |
| Pulmonary Circuit | carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs |
| Systemic Circuit | carries blood to and from the body |
| Rhythmicity | regular heart beat |
| Automaticity | contracts spontaneously via pacemaker cells; does not depend on extrinsic nerves |
| Cardiac Myocytes | Small size Will synchronize to one another Single, central nucleus Branching interconnections between cells Intercalated discs connect them |
| Intercalated Discs | linked by gap junctions for ion movement, convey force of contraction, propagate action potentials |
| 2 Types of Cardiac Myocytes | conductive cells and contractile cells |
| Conductive Cells | Electricity messengers; form the nodes and branches which electricity travels |
| Contractile Cells | systole; produce the actual muscle contractions of the atria and ventricles, calcium dependent |
| SA Node (ALWAYS FIRING) | highest rate of spontaneous depolarization= Cardiac Pacemaker (sets pace), causes both atria to contract |
| Sinus Rhythm | normal electrical pattern established by SA node |
| Pacemaker prepotential | Nodes are always in a state of slow depolarization, Constant and slow influx of Na+ causes nodes to try to approach threshold, Action potential results due to spontaneous depolarization of SA node |
| AV Node (PATIENTLY WAITING) | of AV cells slows the signal from internodal tracts – takes 100 msec, Delay allows atria to contract before ventricles contract |
| Max action potential limit | 230 min, higher=damage |
| AV Bundle of His | Connects the atria to the ventricles electrically |
| L and R Bundle Branches | Send impulse through moderator band to papillary muscles of R ventricle |
| Purkinje Fibers | Fast conductors that reach all ventricular myocytes |
| ECG/EKG | Record of electrical events in the heart; Measures wave of depolarization |
| Transmembrane potential | Electrodes record the voltage difference between the inside and outside of the cell |
| towards a lead | positive deflection above the baseline |
| away from a lead | negative deflection below the baseline |
| P wave = Atrial systole | Atrial depolarization; At end of P wave, both atria have depolarized, which causes atria to contract |
| QRS complex = Ventricular systole | Ventricular depolarization |
| T wave = Ventricular diastole | Ventricular repolarization; end of T wave, both ventricles have repolarized, which causes the ventricles to relax |
| P-R Interval | From beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricular depolarization |
| Q-T Interval | Time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization to occur; Rough estimate of the average ventricular action potential |
| S-T Interval | Time that both ventricles are completely depolarized |
| Elevated P wave | atrial enlargement |
| QRS elevated | ventricular enlargement |
| Tall and pointed T wave | myocardial ischemia |
| Long P-Q interval | Blockage of normal conduction pathway |
| Long Q-T segment | Unidentifiable myocardial damage |
| Systole | contraction/squeezing=pumping |
| Diastole | relaxation=filling |
| Atrial Systole | Atrial depolarization + contraction |
| Early ventricular systole | Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (S1-lub) |
| Late ventricular systole | Ventricular ejection |
| Early ventricular diastole | Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (S2-dub) |
| Late ventricular diastole | Passive ventricular filling |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute |
| Heart Rate (HR) | Number of times the heart beats in 1 minute; men=64-72bpm women=72-80bpm |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Amount of blood ejected by heart with each beat |
| CO= | HR*SV |
| Bradycardia | pulse rate slower than 60 bpm |
| Tachycardia | resting heart rate over 100 bpm |
| Norepinephrine | Speeds up heart rate (more O2); sympathetic |
| Acetylcholine | Slows heart rate via the Vagus n. (CN X); parasympathetic |
| Factors affecting stroke volume | preload, contractility, afterload |
| Ejection Fraction | Volume of fluid ejected from a chamber with each contraction; ventricular ejection is 60-80% of blood volume |
| Preload | tension/stretch due to filling of blood in ventricles |
| Contractility | force of ventricular contraction (More stretch will cause greater force to eject blood) |
| Afterload | the forces like pressure that the ventricles have to overcome to get the blood out |
| Right Sided Heart Failure | Vena cava backup and swelling; Systemic edema (esp legs and feet), enlarged liver + spleen, ascites, jugular venous distension (JVD) |
| Left Sided Heart Failure | Pulmonary backup and drown; Shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, coughing |
| Ionotropic agents | Affect contractility (force) of the heart |
| Chronotropic agents | Factors which influence heart rate (pulse) |
Created by:
MatthewToddH
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