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chapter 16 terms
ch 16 terms w/vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cell or organ specialized to detect a stimulus, such as a taste cell or the eye. 2. A protein molecule that binds and responds to a chemical such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, or odor molecule | Receptor |
| structure that combines nervous tissue with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus. | Sense organ |
| the conversion of one form of energy to another- light, sound, heat, touch, vibration, or other forms of stimulus energy into nerve signals. | transduction |
| initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory cell is a small local electrical change | receptor potential |
| subjective awareness of the stimulus. | sensation |
| vision, hearing and taste are examples of sensory BLANK, refers to the type of stimulus and where it ends | modality |
| encoded by which nerve fibers issue signals to the brain. | location |
| any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area | receptive field |
| refers to whether a sound is loud or soft, a light is bright or dim, a pain is mild or excruciating and so forth. | intensity |
| how long a stimulus lasts | duration |
| if the stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time, and with it, we become less aware of the stimulus. | sensory adaption |
| generate a burst of potentials when first stimulated. then quickly adapt and sharply reduce or stop signaling even if the stimulus continues. | phasic receptors |
| adapt more slowly and generate signals more steadily. | tonic receptors |
| employ widely distributed receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and viscera. touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold and pain | general (somatosensory, somesthetic) senses |
| are limited to the head, are innervated by the cranial nerves, and employ relatively complex sense organs. The special senses are vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell | special senses |
| are dendrites with no connective tissue wrapping. | unencapsulated nerve endings |
| include warm receptors, which respond to rising temperature; cold receptors, which respond to falling temperature and nociceptors for pain. bare dendrites that have no special association with specific accessory cells or tissues. epithelia tissues | free nerve endings |
| tonic receptors are light touch, thought to sense textures, edges, and shapes. They are flattened nerve endings that terminate adjacent to specialized tactiles cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. | tactile discs |
| dendrites that coil around a hair follicle and respond to movements of the hair. | Hair receptors (peritrichial endings) |
| nerve fibers wraped in glial cells or connective tissue. | encapsulated nerve endings |
| phasic receptors for light touch and texture, tall, ovoid to pear-shaped, and consist of two or three nerve fibers meandering upward through a fluid-filled capsule of flattened schwann cells. concentrated in sensitive hairless areas such as fingertips | tactile corpuscles |
| found in the mucous membranes and similar to tactile corpuscles | end bulbs |
| tonic receptors for heavy touch, pressure, stretching of the skin, and joint movements, located in the dermis, subcuntaneous tissue, and joint capsules | bulbous corpuscles |
| phasic receptors chiefly for vibration, deep pressure, tickle, found in dermis, joint capsuls, periosteum, breasts, genitals and some viscera | lamellar corpuscles |
| transmission of information from a receptor or a receptive field, to a specific locality in the cerebral cortex, enabling the brain to identify the origin of stimulation. | sensory projection |
| pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS | projection pathways |
| a feeling of sharp, localized, stabbing pain perceived at the time of injury. , myelinated pain fibers | fast (first) pain |
| unmyelinated pain fibers, longer lasting, dull, diffuse feeling. | slow (second) pain |
| pain from the skin, muscles, and joints is called BLANK | somatic pain |
| most potent pain stimulus known, injured tissues release several chemicals that stimulate the nociceptors and trigger pain. | bradykinin |
| pain in the viscera is often mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial sites | referred pain |
| pain releiving mechanisms | analgesic |
| internally produced opium like substances | endogenous opioids |
| pain signals can be stopped at the posterior horn. | spinal gating |
| nerve fibers that arise in the brainstem, travel down the spinal cord in the reticulospinal tract and block pain signals from traveling up the cord to the brain. | descending analgesic fibers |
| visible bumps on the tongue | lingual papillae |
| tiny spikes without taste buds. important for mammals for grooming, serve in one's sense of the texture of food | filiform papillae |
| weakly developed in humans. form parallel ridges sides of tongue, degenerate by age 2 or 3 years | foliate papillae |
| shaped like mushrooms, 3 taste buds, mainly on the apex. widely distributed but concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue. respond to food texture | fungiform papillae |
| large papillae arranged in a V at the rear of the tongue. 7-12 but contain up to half of all taste buds around 250 each, | vallate (circumvallate) papillae |
| serve as receptor surfaces for tastants | taste hairs |
| on the epithelial surface of the tongue, taste hairs project in this pit | taste pore |
| stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died, also synapse w/sensory nerve fibers of the taste bud | basal cells |
| these resemble taste cells but have no synaptic vesicles or sensory role | supporting cells |
| produced by metal ions such as sodium and potassium | salty |
| produced by many organic compounds, associated with carbs and foods that are high caloric value | sweet |
| 'meaty' taste produced by amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acids, | umami |
| associated with acids (H+) in such foods as citrus | sour |
| associated w/spoiled foods and alkaloids such as nicotine, caffeine, quinine, and morphine. often poisonous, | bitter |
| proposed name for the taste of fats | oleogustus |
| sense of smell | olfaction |
| response to airborne chemicals | odorants |
| a patch of epithelium with receptor cells | olfactory mucosa |
| a pair beneath the frontal lobes of the brain, synapse with the dendrites of neurons called mitral cells and tufted cells. | olfactory bulbs |
| response to vibrating air molecules | hearing |
| sense of body orientation | equilibrium |
| any audible vibration of molecules. | sound |
| sense of whether a sound is 'high' (treble) or 'low" (bass) determined by the frequency at which the sound source, eardrum, and other parts of the ear vibrate. | pitch |
| number of cycles per second is called | frequency |
| perception of sound energy, intensity, or the amps of vibration | loudness |
| measure of how far forward and back the cone vibrates on each cycle and how much it compresses the air molecules in front of it. | amplitude |
| passage leading through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane | auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) |
| sitcky and coats the guard hairs, making them more effective in block foreign particles from the auditory canal. | cerumen (earwax) |
| known as the eardrum | tympanic membrane |
| smallest skeletel muscles o fthe body, connect the tympanic mebrane to the inner ear | auditory ossicles |
| organ of hearing | cochlea |
| these adjust the response of the cochlea to different frequencies and enable the IHC's to work with greater precision | Outer hair cells (OHC's) |
| tensor tympani pulls the tympanic membrane inward and tenses it, while the stapedius reduces the motion of the stapes. | tympanic reflex |
| visible electromagnetic radiation | light |
| eyeball occupies a bony socket called the BLANk | orbit |
| these secrete an oil that coats the eye and reduces tear evaporation | tarsal glands |
| transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior suface of the eyeball, except for the cornea | conjunciva |
| this cushions the eye, allows it to move freely, and protects blood vessels and nerves in the rear of the orbit | orbital fat |
| white of the eye covers most of the eye surface and consists of dense collagenous tissue , serves as a tough fibrous protective cover for the eye and provides for attachment for muscles | sclera |
| anterior transparent region of the modified BLANk that admits light | Cornea |
| resembles a peeled grape, consists of three regions, choroid, ciliary body, and iris. | uvea |
| forms a muscular ring around the lens, supports the iris and lens and secretes a fluid called aqueous humor. | ciliary body |
| adjustable diaphram that controls the diameter of th epupil | iris |
| central opening | pupil |
| pigmented cells | chromatophores |
| consists of the retina and beginning of the optic nerve | inner layer (tunica interna) |
| serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body into a space called the posterior chamber between the iris and lens | aqueous humor |
| between the cornea and iris | anterior chamber |
| composed of flattened, tightly compressed, transparent cells called lens fibers | lens |
| transparent jelly that fills a space called the vireious chamber behind the lends | vitreous body (vitreous humor) |
| forms a cup-shpaed outgrowth of the diencephalon called the optic vesicle | retina |
| where the optic nerve leaves the rear (fundus) of the eye | optic disc |
| its scalloped anterior margin | ora serrata |
| consists of smooth muscle cells that ncircle the pupil | pupillary constrictor |
| consists of a spokelike arrangement of contractile myopithelial cells | pupillary dilator |
| pupillary constriction in response to light is called | photopuillary reflex |
| bending of light rays | refraction |
| state in which the eye is relaxed and focused on an object more than 6m away | emmetropia |
| these cells absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal | photoreceptor cells |
| visual pigment of the rods | rhodopsin |
| first order neurons of the visual pathway | biopolar cells |
| largest neurons of the retina, single layer close to the vitreious body, second order neurons | ganglion cells |
| an adjustment in vision that occurs when you go from a dark or dimly lit area into brighter light | light adaptation |
| holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution | duplicate theory |
Created by:
tnrogan